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没人用，就直接把它丢掉了。",[1531,1763,1764],{},"Tree Shaking 是 Rollup 最先提出并发扬光大的能力，如今已成为所有现代打包工具的标配。",[1539,1766],{},[1526,1768,1770],{"id":1769},"为什么-tree-shaking-依赖-es-模块","✨ 为什么 Tree Shaking 依赖 ES 模块",[1531,1772,1773,1774,1777],{},"这是理解 Tree Shaking 的关键。Tree Shaking 的前提是：",[1535,1775,1776],{},"打包工具要在“不运行代码”的情况下，静态分析出哪些代码被用到了","。",[1531,1779,1780],{},"ES 模块恰好满足这个条件：",[1557,1782,1784],{"className":1559,"code":1783,"language":1562,"meta":1563,"style":1563},"// import / export 写在文件顶层，是固定不变的\nimport { add } from './math.js';\nexport { add };\n",[1565,1785,1786,1792,1812],{"__ignoreMap":1563},[1568,1787,1788],{"class":1570,"line":1571},[1568,1789,1791],{"class":1790},"syuKq","// import / export 写在文件顶层，是固定不变的\n",[1568,1793,1794,1796,1798,1800,1802,1804,1806,1808,1810],{"class":1570,"line":1606},[1568,1795,1686],{"class":1574},[1568,1797,1689],{"class":1586},[1568,1799,1583],{"class":1612},[1568,1801,1694],{"class":1586},[1568,1803,1697],{"class":1574},[1568,1805,1700],{"class":1586},[1568,1807,1704],{"class":1703},[1568,1809,1707],{"class":1586},[1568,1811,1621],{"class":1586},[1568,1813,1814,1816,1818,1820],{"class":1570,"line":1624},[1568,1815,1575],{"class":1574},[1568,1817,1689],{"class":1586},[1568,1819,1583],{"class":1612},[1568,1821,1822],{"class":1586}," };\n",[1531,1824,1825],{},"而 CommonJS 的导出是“动态”的，可以写在任何逻辑里：",[1557,1827,1829],{"className":1559,"code":1828,"language":1562,"meta":1563,"style":1563},"// CommonJS 可以这样写，打包工具不运行代码根本无法判断导出了什么\nif (process.env.NODE_ENV === 'production') {\n    module.exports = { add };\n} else {\n    module.exports = { add, subtract };\n}\n",[1565,1830,1831,1836,1870,1884,1894,1910],{"__ignoreMap":1563},[1568,1832,1833],{"class":1570,"line":1571},[1568,1834,1835],{"class":1790},"// CommonJS 可以这样写，打包工具不运行代码根本无法判断导出了什么\n",[1568,1837,1838,1841,1844,1846,1849,1851,1854,1857,1859,1862,1864,1867],{"class":1570,"line":1606},[1568,1839,1840],{"class":1574},"if",[1568,1842,1843],{"class":1612}," (process",[1568,1845,1721],{"class":1586},[1568,1847,1848],{"class":1612},"env",[1568,1850,1721],{"class":1586},[1568,1852,1853],{"class":1612},"NODE_ENV ",[1568,1855,1856],{"class":1586},"===",[1568,1858,1700],{"class":1586},[1568,1860,1861],{"class":1703},"production",[1568,1863,1707],{"class":1586},[1568,1865,1866],{"class":1612},") ",[1568,1868,1869],{"class":1586},"{\n",[1568,1871,1872,1875,1878,1880,1882],{"class":1570,"line":1624},[1568,1873,1874],{"class":1586},"    module.exports",[1568,1876,1877],{"class":1586}," =",[1568,1879,1689],{"class":1586},[1568,1881,1583],{"class":1612},[1568,1883,1822],{"class":1586},[1568,1885,1886,1889,1892],{"class":1570,"line":1630},[1568,1887,1888],{"class":1586},"}",[1568,1890,1891],{"class":1574}," else",[1568,1893,1603],{"class":1586},[1568,1895,1896,1898,1900,1902,1904,1906,1908],{"class":1570,"line":1637},[1568,1897,1874],{"class":1586},[1568,1899,1877],{"class":1586},[1568,1901,1689],{"class":1586},[1568,1903,1583],{"class":1612},[1568,1905,1594],{"class":1586},[1568,1907,1644],{"class":1612},[1568,1909,1822],{"class":1586},[1568,1911,1912],{"class":1570,"line":1659},[1568,1913,1627],{"class":1586},[1531,1915,1916,1917,1920,1921,1924],{},"所以记住结论：",[1535,1918,1919],{},"只有基于 ES 模块（import / export），Tree Shaking 才能发挥作用","。这也是为什么发布库时一定要提供 ",[1565,1922,1923],{},"es"," 格式的产物。",[1926,1927,1928],"warning",{},[1531,1929,1930],{},"如果你的库用 CommonJS 编写再发布，使用方即使用了 Vite / Rollup，也无法享受 Tree Shaking，没用到的代码会全部进入最终产物，白白增加体积。",[1539,1932],{},[1526,1934,1936],{"id":1935},"动手验证-tree-shaking","🛠 动手验证 Tree Shaking",[1531,1938,1939,1940,1943],{},"我们用一个更直观的例子感受它的威力。安装 ",[1565,1941,1942],{},"lodash-es","（版本 4.17.21）：",[1557,1945,1949],{"className":1946,"code":1947,"language":1948,"meta":1563,"style":1563},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","npm install lodash-es@4.17.21\n","bash",[1565,1950,1951],{"__ignoreMap":1563},[1568,1952,1953,1957,1960],{"class":1570,"line":1571},[1568,1954,1956],{"class":1955},"sYGMc","npm",[1568,1958,1959],{"class":1703}," install",[1568,1961,1962],{"class":1703}," lodash-es@4.17.21\n",[1531,1964,1965],{},"只使用其中一个函数：",[1557,1967,1969],{"className":1559,"code":1968,"filename":1679,"language":1562,"meta":1563,"style":1563},"import { debounce } from 'lodash-es';\n\nexport { debounce };\n",[1565,1970,1971,1992,1996],{"__ignoreMap":1563},[1568,1972,1973,1975,1977,1980,1982,1984,1986,1988,1990],{"class":1570,"line":1571},[1568,1974,1686],{"class":1574},[1568,1976,1689],{"class":1586},[1568,1978,1979],{"class":1612}," debounce",[1568,1981,1694],{"class":1586},[1568,1983,1697],{"class":1574},[1568,1985,1700],{"class":1586},[1568,1987,1942],{"class":1703},[1568,1989,1707],{"class":1586},[1568,1991,1621],{"class":1586},[1568,1993,1994],{"class":1570,"line":1606},[1568,1995,1634],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1633},[1568,1997,1998,2000,2002,2004],{"class":1570,"line":1624},[1568,1999,1575],{"class":1574},[1568,2001,1689],{"class":1586},[1568,2003,1979],{"class":1612},[1568,2005,1822],{"class":1586},[1531,2007,2008,2009,2012],{},"配合 ",[1565,2010,2011],{},"node-resolve"," 插件打包：",[1557,2014,2017],{"className":1559,"code":2015,"filename":2016,"language":1562,"meta":1563,"style":1563},"import resolve from '@rollup/plugin-node-resolve';\n\nexport default {\n    input: 'src/index.js',\n    output: {\n        file: 'dist/bundle.js',\n        format: 'es'\n    },\n    plugins: [resolve()]\n};\n","rollup.config.mjs",[1565,2018,2019,2038,2042,2051,2069,2078,2094,2108,2114,2131],{"__ignoreMap":1563},[1568,2020,2021,2023,2026,2029,2031,2034,2036],{"class":1570,"line":1571},[1568,2022,1686],{"class":1574},[1568,2024,2025],{"class":1612}," resolve ",[1568,2027,2028],{"class":1574},"from",[1568,2030,1700],{"class":1586},[1568,2032,2033],{"class":1703},"@rollup/plugin-node-resolve",[1568,2035,1707],{"class":1586},[1568,2037,1621],{"class":1586},[1568,2039,2040],{"class":1570,"line":1606},[1568,2041,1634],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1633},[1568,2043,2044,2046,2049],{"class":1570,"line":1624},[1568,2045,1575],{"class":1574},[1568,2047,2048],{"class":1574}," default",[1568,2050,1603],{"class":1586},[1568,2052,2053,2057,2060,2062,2064,2066],{"class":1570,"line":1630},[1568,2054,2056],{"class":2055},"sd2Uz","    input",[1568,2058,2059],{"class":1586},":",[1568,2061,1700],{"class":1586},[1568,2063,1679],{"class":1703},[1568,2065,1707],{"class":1586},[1568,2067,2068],{"class":1586},",\n",[1568,2070,2071,2074,2076],{"class":1570,"line":1637},[1568,2072,2073],{"class":2055},"    output",[1568,2075,2059],{"class":1586},[1568,2077,1603],{"class":1586},[1568,2079,2080,2083,2085,2087,2090,2092],{"class":1570,"line":1659},[1568,2081,2082],{"class":2055},"        file",[1568,2084,2059],{"class":1586},[1568,2086,1700],{"class":1586},[1568,2088,2089],{"class":1703},"dist/bundle.js",[1568,2091,1707],{"class":1586},[1568,2093,2068],{"class":1586},[1568,2095,2096,2099,2101,2103,2105],{"class":1570,"line":1673},[1568,2097,2098],{"class":2055},"        format",[1568,2100,2059],{"class":1586},[1568,2102,1700],{"class":1586},[1568,2104,1923],{"class":1703},[1568,2106,2107],{"class":1586},"'\n",[1568,2109,2111],{"class":1570,"line":2110},8,[1568,2112,2113],{"class":1586},"    },\n",[1568,2115,2117,2120,2122,2125,2128],{"class":1570,"line":2116},9,[1568,2118,2119],{"class":2055},"    plugins",[1568,2121,2059],{"class":1586},[1568,2123,2124],{"class":1612}," [",[1568,2126,2127],{"class":1582},"resolve",[1568,2129,2130],{"class":1612},"()]\n",[1568,2132,2134],{"class":1570,"line":2133},10,[1568,2135,2136],{"class":1586},"};\n",[1531,2138,2139,2141,2142,2145,2146,2149],{},[1565,2140,1942],{}," 完整源码有上万个函数，但打包后的 ",[1565,2143,2144],{},"bundle.js"," 只有几百行——因为 Rollup 只把 ",[1565,2147,2148],{},"debounce"," 及其内部依赖打了进来，其余函数全部被摇掉了。",[2151,2152,2153],"tip",{},[1531,2154,2155,2156,2158,2159,2162],{},"想用 lodash 又在意体积，请选 ",[1565,2157,1942],{}," 而不是 ",[1565,2160,2161],{},"lodash","。前者是 ES 模块写法，支持 Tree Shaking；后者是 CommonJS，只能整个打包。",[1539,2164],{},[1526,2166,2168],{"id":2167},"sideeffects告诉工具哪些文件不能摇","💡 sideEffects：告诉工具哪些文件不能摇",[1531,2170,2171],{},"有些文件“光看引用关系”像是没有被使用，但实际上有重要副作用，比如：",[1557,2173,2176],{"className":1559,"code":2174,"filename":2175,"language":1562,"meta":1563,"style":1563},"// 没有导出任何东西，只是在全局打补丁\nArray.prototype.myCustomMethod = function () {\n    // ...\n};\n","src/polyfill.js",[1565,2177,2178,2183,2207,2212],{"__ignoreMap":1563},[1568,2179,2180],{"class":1570,"line":1571},[1568,2181,2182],{"class":1790},"// 没有导出任何东西，只是在全局打补丁\n",[1568,2184,2185,2188,2190,2193,2195,2198,2200,2202,2205],{"class":1570,"line":1606},[1568,2186,2187],{"class":1955},"Array",[1568,2189,1721],{"class":1586},[1568,2191,2192],{"class":1612},"prototype",[1568,2194,1721],{"class":1586},[1568,2196,2197],{"class":1582},"myCustomMethod",[1568,2199,1877],{"class":1586},[1568,2201,1579],{"class":1578},[1568,2203,2204],{"class":1586}," ()",[1568,2206,1603],{"class":1586},[1568,2208,2209],{"class":1570,"line":1624},[1568,2210,2211],{"class":1790},"    // ...\n",[1568,2213,2214],{"class":1570,"line":1630},[1568,2215,2136],{"class":1586},[1531,2217,2218,2219,2222,2223,2226],{},"这类文件可能被误判为“无用代码”而摇掉。为了保险起见，发布库时可以在 ",[1565,2220,2221],{},"package.json"," 里声明 ",[1565,2224,2225],{},"sideEffects"," 字段：",[1557,2228,2232],{"className":2229,"code":2230,"filename":2221,"language":2231,"meta":1563,"style":1563},"language-json shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","{\n    \"name\": \"my-utils\",\n    \"sideEffects\": false\n}\n","json",[1565,2233,2234,2238,2261,2274],{"__ignoreMap":1563},[1568,2235,2236],{"class":1570,"line":1571},[1568,2237,1869],{"class":1586},[1568,2239,2240,2243,2246,2249,2251,2254,2257,2259],{"class":1570,"line":1606},[1568,2241,2242],{"class":1586},"    \"",[1568,2244,2245],{"class":1578},"name",[1568,2247,2248],{"class":1586},"\"",[1568,2250,2059],{"class":1586},[1568,2252,2253],{"class":1586}," \"",[1568,2255,2256],{"class":1703},"my-utils",[1568,2258,2248],{"class":1586},[1568,2260,2068],{"class":1586},[1568,2262,2263,2265,2267,2269,2271],{"class":1570,"line":1624},[1568,2264,2242],{"class":1586},[1568,2266,2225],{"class":1578},[1568,2268,2248],{"class":1586},[1568,2270,2059],{"class":1586},[1568,2272,2273],{"class":1586}," false\n",[1568,2275,2276],{"class":1570,"line":1630},[1568,2277,1627],{"class":1586},[2279,2280,2281,2288],"ul",{},[2282,2283,2284,2287],"li",{},[1565,2285,2286],{},"\"sideEffects\": false","：明确表示所有文件都没有副作用，可以放心摇。",[2282,2289,2290,2291,1777],{},"如果个别文件有副作用，写成数组：",[1565,2292,2293],{},"\"sideEffects\": [\"src/polyfill.js\"]",[1531,2295,2296,2297,2300],{},"这个字段是给",[1535,2298,2299],{},"使用方的打包工具","看的提示，写上它能让你的库被更彻底地优化。",[1539,2302],{},[1526,2304,2306],{"id":2305},"小节总结","🧾 小节总结",[2279,2308,2309,2312,2315,2321],{},[2282,2310,2311],{},"Tree Shaking 指打包时自动移除未使用的代码，Rollup 是它的发源地。",[2282,2313,2314],{},"Tree Shaking 依赖 ES 模块的静态结构，CommonJS 无法被静态分析。",[2282,2316,2317,2318,2320],{},"发布库时务必提供 ",[1565,2319,1923],{}," 格式产物，使用方才能享受 Tree Shaking。",[2282,2322,2323,2324,2326,2327,2329],{},"通过 ",[1565,2325,2221],{}," 的 ",[1565,2328,2225],{}," 字段声明副作用，避免误删有副作用的代码。",[1539,2331],{},[1526,2333,2335],{"id":2334},"知识问答","❓ 知识问答",[1531,2337,2338],{},[1535,2339,2340],{},"Q1：Tree Shaking 需要单独开启吗？",[1531,2342,2343],{},"A：不需要。Rollup 默认就会做 Tree Shaking，你不用写任何配置。",[1531,2345,2346],{},[1535,2347,2348],{},"Q2：引入了整个模块，但只用其中一个方法，能摇掉其他方法吗？",[1531,2350,2351,2352,2355,2356,2359],{},"A：要看引入方式。",[1565,2353,2354],{},"import { debounce } from 'lodash-es'"," 这种具名导入可以精确摇掉未用部分；如果写成 ",[1565,2357,2358],{},"import _ from 'lodash'","（CommonJS 整包引入），就无法摇掉了。",[1531,2361,2362],{},[1535,2363,2364],{},"Q3：TypeScript 写的库还能 Tree Shaking 吗？",[1531,2366,2367,2368,2371,2372,2375],{},"A：可以，只要最终发布的是 ES 模块格式的 JavaScript。注意编译配置中 ",[1565,2369,2370],{},"module"," 要设为 ",[1565,2373,2374],{},"ESNext","，不要编译成 CommonJS。",[1531,2377,2378],{},[1535,2379,2380],{},"Q4：Webpack 和 Vite 也有 Tree Shaking 吗？",[1531,2382,2383],{},"A：有。Tree Shaking 由 Rollup 发扬光大后，Webpack 和 Vite（生产构建基于 Rollup）也都支持了，前提同样是基于 ES 模块。",[1539,2385],{},[1526,2387,2389],{"id":2388},"小练习","🧪 小练习",[1531,2391,2392],{},"验证 Tree Shaking 的效果：",[2394,2395,2396,2406,2423],"ol",{},[2282,2397,2398,2399,2402,2403,1777],{},"在 ",[1565,2400,2401],{},"rollup-demo"," 中安装 ",[1565,2404,2405],{},"lodash-es@4.17.21",[2282,2407,2408,2409],{},"分别用两种方式打包并对比产物体积：\n",[2279,2410,2411,2416],{},[2282,2412,2413,2414],{},"方式一：",[1565,2415,2354],{},[2282,2417,2418,2419,2422],{},"方式二：",[1565,2420,2421],{},"import { debounce, throttle, cloneDeep } from 'lodash-es'"," 并全部导出",[2282,2424,2425],{},"观察第二种方式的产物是否比第一种大。",[1557,2427,2429],{"className":1559,"code":2428,"filename":1679,"language":1562,"meta":1563,"style":1563},"// 请在这里编写引入语句，然后执行 npm run build 对比产物\n",[1565,2430,2431],{"__ignoreMap":1563},[1568,2432,2433],{"class":1570,"line":1571},[1568,2434,2428],{"class":1790},[1539,2436],{},[1531,2438,2439],{},"🎉 恭喜你已经理解了 Tree Shaking 的原理！下一篇我们将综合运用前面所有知识，完整打包并发布一个工具库。",[2441,2442,2443],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s8pZq, html code.shiki .s8pZq{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .s50WR, html code.shiki .s50WR{--shiki-light:#9C3EDA;--shiki-default:#C792EA;--shiki-dark:#C792EA}html pre.shiki code .swgpB, html code.shiki .swgpB{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html pre.shiki code .s86vT, html code.shiki .s86vT{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sK9QF, html code.shiki .sK9QF{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#BABED8;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sndM8, html code.shiki .sndM8{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-dark:#BABED8}html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html pre.shiki code .sIEYB, html code.shiki .sIEYB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .smPcV, html code.shiki .smPcV{--shiki-light:#F76D47;--shiki-default:#F78C6C;--shiki-dark:#F78C6C}html pre.shiki code .syuKq, html code.shiki .syuKq{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sYGMc, html code.shiki .sYGMc{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .sd2Uz, html code.shiki .sd2Uz{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#F07178;--shiki-dark:#F07178}",{"title":1563,"searchDepth":1606,"depth":1606,"links":2445},[2446,2447,2448,2449,2450,2451,2452,2453],{"id":1528,"depth":1606,"text":1529},{"id":1543,"depth":1606,"text":1544},{"id":1769,"depth":1606,"text":1770},{"id":1935,"depth":1606,"text":1936},{"id":2167,"depth":1606,"text":2168},{"id":2305,"depth":1606,"text":2306},{"id":2334,"depth":1606,"text":2335},{"id":2388,"depth":1606,"text":2389},"理解 Tree Shaking 的原理，明白为什么它依赖 ES 模块，学会写出容易被摇掉无用代码的库。","md",null,{},{"title":922},{"title":1521,"description":2454},"lgJBMyDOjj",[2462,2464],{"title":747,"path":919,"stem":920,"description":2463,"children":-1},"掌握 Rollup 最常用的四个插件：node-resolve、commonjs、json 和 terser，理解插件的执行顺序。",{"title":926,"path":927,"stem":928,"description":2465,"children":-1},"综合运用前面所学，用 Rollup 打包一个工具库：external 外部依赖、多格式产物、package.json 发布配置。",1784715111135]