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引言",[1531,1532,1533,1534,1538],"p",{},"这是 MySQL 课程的收尾篇。学完这篇文章，你能说清楚索引是什么、它为什么能加快查询，会给表创建和查看索引，能用 ",[1535,1536,1537],"code",{},"EXPLAIN"," 判断一条 SQL 有没有用上索引，还能说出哪些字段适合加索引、哪些不适合，以及几条常用的查询优化建议。",[1540,1541],"hr",{},[1526,1543,1545],{"id":1544},"准备演示数据","🛠 准备演示数据",[1531,1547,1548,1549,1552,1553,1556,1557,1560],{},"老规矩，先把 ",[1535,1550,1551],{},"user"," 表建好，插入几条演示数据。本文使用前面课程已经跑起来的 ",[1535,1554,1555],{},"mysql8"," 容器（MySQL 8.x），通过 ",[1535,1558,1559],{},"docker exec -it mysql8 mysql -uroot -p123456"," 进入命令行后执行：",[1562,1563,1568],"pre",{"className":1564,"code":1565,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"language-sql shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS blog_demo;\nUSE blog_demo;\n\nCREATE TABLE user (\n    id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,\n    username VARCHAR(50),\n    age INT,\n    city VARCHAR(50),\n    created_at DATETIME\n);\n\nINSERT INTO user (username, age, city, created_at) VALUES\n    ('zhangsan', 20, '北京', NOW()),\n    ('lisi', 25, '上海', NOW()),\n    ('wangwu', 30, '北京', NOW()),\n    ('zhaoliu', 22, '广州', NOW()),\n    ('sunqi', 28, '上海', NOW());\n","sql","",[1535,1569,1570,1578,1584,1591,1597,1603,1609,1615,1621,1627,1633,1638,1644,1650,1656,1662,1668],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,1572,1575],"span",{"class":1573,"line":1574},"line",1,[1571,1576,1577],{},"CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS blog_demo;\n",[1571,1579,1581],{"class":1573,"line":1580},2,[1571,1582,1583],{},"USE blog_demo;\n",[1571,1585,1587],{"class":1573,"line":1586},3,[1571,1588,1590],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1589},true,"\n",[1571,1592,1594],{"class":1573,"line":1593},4,[1571,1595,1596],{},"CREATE TABLE user (\n",[1571,1598,1600],{"class":1573,"line":1599},5,[1571,1601,1602],{},"    id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,\n",[1571,1604,1606],{"class":1573,"line":1605},6,[1571,1607,1608],{},"    username VARCHAR(50),\n",[1571,1610,1612],{"class":1573,"line":1611},7,[1571,1613,1614],{},"    age 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NOW());\n",[1531,1675,1676,1677,1679],{},"插入完成后，",[1535,1678,1551],{}," 表里的数据如下：",[1681,1682,1683,1705],"table",{},[1684,1685,1686],"thead",{},[1687,1688,1689,1693,1696,1699,1702],"tr",{},[1690,1691,1692],"th",{},"id",[1690,1694,1695],{},"username",[1690,1697,1698],{},"age",[1690,1700,1701],{},"city",[1690,1703,1704],{},"created_at",[1706,1707,1708,1726,1742,1757,1773],"tbody",{},[1687,1709,1710,1714,1717,1720,1723],{},[1711,1712,1713],"td",{},"1",[1711,1715,1716],{},"zhangsan",[1711,1718,1719],{},"20",[1711,1721,1722],{},"北京",[1711,1724,1725],{},"2026-07-20 10:00:00",[1687,1727,1728,1731,1734,1737,1740],{},[1711,1729,1730],{},"2",[1711,1732,1733],{},"lisi",[1711,1735,1736],{},"25",[1711,1738,1739],{},"上海",[1711,1741,1725],{},[1687,1743,1744,1747,1750,1753,1755],{},[1711,1745,1746],{},"3",[1711,1748,1749],{},"wangwu",[1711,1751,1752],{},"30",[1711,1754,1722],{},[1711,1756,1725],{},[1687,1758,1759,1762,1765,1768,1771],{},[1711,1760,1761],{},"4",[1711,1763,1764],{},"zhaoliu",[1711,1766,1767],{},"22",[1711,1769,1770],{},"广州",[1711,1772,1725],{},[1687,1774,1775,1778,1781,1784,1786],{},[1711,1776,1777],{},"5",[1711,1779,1780],{},"sunqi",[1711,1782,1783],{},"28",[1711,1785,1739],{},[1711,1787,1725],{},[1531,1789,1790,1792,1793,1796],{},[1535,1791,1704],{}," 用的是 ",[1535,1794,1795],{},"NOW()","，实际值是你执行插入时的时间，同一个 INSERT 语句里所有行的时间相同。本文后面的查询结果都以这份数据为准。",[1798,1799,1800],"tip",{},[1531,1801,1802],{},"几条数据看不出查询速度差别，索引的效果要在大量数据下才明显。学习阶段我们的目标不是测速度，而是看懂「这条 SQL 有没有用上索引」。",[1540,1804],{},[1526,1806,1808],{"id":1807},"索引是什么","🧱 索引是什么",[1531,1810,1811,1815],{},[1812,1813,1814],"strong",{},"索引是帮助 MySQL 快速定位数据的一种数据结构","，作用是避免每次查询都把整张表从头翻到尾。",[1531,1817,1818],{},"可以拿查字典打比方：字典里的字按拼音排了序，还有拼音检字表。没有这个检字表，你要找某个字只能一页一页翻完整个字典；有了检字表，先查拼音找到页码，直接翻过去就行。",[1531,1820,1821],{},"对应到 MySQL：",[1823,1824,1825,1832],"ul",{},[1826,1827,1828,1831],"li",{},[1812,1829,1830],{},"一页页翻完整个字典","：全表扫描，MySQL 把表里每一行都读出来逐个比对，数据越多越慢。",[1826,1833,1834,1837],{},[1812,1835,1836],{},"通过检字表直接定位","：走索引，MySQL 借助索引快速找到目标行，不用扫描全表。",[1531,1839,1840,1841,1844],{},"MySQL 默认的 InnoDB 引擎把索引组织成一种叫 ",[1812,1842,1843],{},"B+ 树","的结构，查找效率很高。入门阶段不用深入它的原理，先记住「索引让查询不用扫描全表」就够了。",[1540,1846],{},[1526,1848,1850],{"id":1849},"主键自带索引","✨ 主键自带索引",[1531,1852,1853,1854,1857,1858,1861,1862,1864],{},"建表时声明的 ",[1535,1855,1856],{},"PRIMARY KEY"," 不需要额外处理，MySQL 会",[1812,1859,1860],{},"自动为主键创建索引","。所以按 ",[1535,1863,1692],{}," 查询天生就是快的：",[1562,1866,1868],{"className":1564,"code":1867,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE id = 1;\n",[1535,1869,1870],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,1871,1872],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,1873,1867],{},[1531,1875,1876],{},"执行结果如下：",[1681,1878,1879,1893],{},[1684,1880,1881],{},[1687,1882,1883,1885,1887,1889,1891],{},[1690,1884,1692],{},[1690,1886,1695],{},[1690,1888,1698],{},[1690,1890,1701],{},[1690,1892,1704],{},[1706,1894,1895],{},[1687,1896,1897,1899,1901,1903,1905],{},[1711,1898,1713],{},[1711,1900,1716],{},[1711,1902,1719],{},[1711,1904,1722],{},[1711,1906,1725],{},[1531,1908,1909,1910,1912],{},"这类按主键等值查询是数据库里常见的高效写法。而其他普通字段，比如 ",[1535,1911,1695],{},"，默认是没有索引的，需要我们手动创建。",[1540,1914],{},[1526,1916,1918],{"id":1917},"创建和查看索引","🛠 创建和查看索引",[1531,1920,1921,1922,1924,1925,1927],{},"给 ",[1535,1923,1551],{}," 表的 ",[1535,1926,1695],{}," 字段创建一个索引：",[1562,1929,1931],{"className":1564,"code":1930,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"CREATE INDEX idx_username ON user (username);\n",[1535,1932,1933],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,1934,1935],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,1936,1930],{},[1823,1938,1939,1949],{},[1826,1940,1941,1944,1945,1948],{},[1535,1942,1943],{},"idx_username"," 是索引名，习惯上用 ",[1535,1946,1947],{},"idx_"," 开头加上字段名。",[1826,1950,1951,1954],{},[1535,1952,1953],{},"ON user (username)"," 指定给哪张表的哪个字段建索引。",[1531,1956,1957],{},"查看一张表上有哪些索引：",[1562,1959,1961],{"className":1564,"code":1960,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"SHOW INDEX FROM user;\n",[1535,1962,1963],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,1964,1965],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,1966,1960],{},[1531,1968,1969,1970,1973,1974,1976],{},"结果里能看到两条：一条是主键自带的 ",[1535,1971,1972],{},"PRIMARY","，另一条是刚创建的 ",[1535,1975,1943],{},"。关键几列如下：",[1681,1978,1979,1995],{},[1684,1980,1981],{},[1687,1982,1983,1986,1989,1992],{},[1690,1984,1985],{},"Table",[1690,1987,1988],{},"Key_name",[1690,1990,1991],{},"Seq_in_index",[1690,1993,1994],{},"Column_name",[1706,1996,1997,2007],{},[1687,1998,1999,2001,2003,2005],{},[1711,2000,1551],{},[1711,2002,1972],{},[1711,2004,1713],{},[1711,2006,1692],{},[1687,2008,2009,2011,2013,2015],{},[1711,2010,1551],{},[1711,2012,1943],{},[1711,2014,1713],{},[1711,2016,1695],{},[1531,2018,2019],{},"如果某个索引不再需要，可以删掉它：",[1562,2021,2023],{"className":1564,"code":2022,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"DROP INDEX idx_username ON user;\n",[1535,2024,2025],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,2026,2027],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,2028,2022],{},[1540,2030],{},[1526,2032,2034],{"id":2033},"用-explain-分析查询","🧰 用 EXPLAIN 分析查询",[1531,2036,2037,2038,2040,2041,2043],{},"光说「索引用上了」不算数，MySQL 提供了 ",[1535,2039,1537],{}," 命令，可以看到一条 SQL 的实际执行方式。用法很简单，在 SELECT 语句前加上 ",[1535,2042,1537],{},"：",[1562,2045,2047],{"className":1564,"code":2046,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM user WHERE username = 'zhangsan';\n",[1535,2048,2049],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,2050,2051],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,2052,2046],{},[1531,2054,2055],{},"输出的关键几列如下：",[1681,2057,2058,2081],{},[1684,2059,2060],{},[1687,2061,2062,2064,2067,2069,2072,2075,2078],{},[1690,2063,1692],{},[1690,2065,2066],{},"select_type",[1690,2068,1681],{},[1690,2070,2071],{},"type",[1690,2073,2074],{},"possible_keys",[1690,2076,2077],{},"key",[1690,2079,2080],{},"rows",[1706,2082,2083],{},[1687,2084,2085,2087,2090,2092,2095,2097,2099],{},[1711,2086,1713],{},[1711,2088,2089],{},"SIMPLE",[1711,2091,1551],{},[1711,2093,2094],{},"ref",[1711,2096,1943],{},[1711,2098,1943],{},[1711,2100,1713],{},[1531,2102,2103],{},"输出是一张表，列比较多，入门阶段只看两列就够：",[1823,2105,2106,2118],{},[1826,2107,2108,2110,2111,2113,2114,2117],{},[1812,2109,2077],{},"：这次查询实际使用的索引。显示 ",[1535,2112,1943],{}," 说明用上了索引；显示 ",[1535,2115,2116],{},"NULL"," 说明没走索引。",[1826,2119,2120,2122,2123,2126,2127,2129,2130,2133,2134,2137],{},[1812,2121,2071],{},"：访问方式。",[1535,2124,2125],{},"ALL"," 表示全表扫描，需要警惕；",[1535,2128,2094],{},"、",[1535,2131,2132],{},"range"," 等表示用上了索引；按主键等值查询会显示 ",[1535,2135,2136],{},"const","，属于高效的访问方式。",[1531,2139,2140],{},"对比一下没走索引的查询：",[1562,2142,2144],{"className":1564,"code":2143,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM user WHERE city = '北京';\n",[1535,2145,2146],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,2147,2148],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,2149,2143],{},[1531,2151,2055],{},[1681,2153,2154,2172],{},[1684,2155,2156],{},[1687,2157,2158,2160,2162,2164,2166,2168,2170],{},[1690,2159,1692],{},[1690,2161,2066],{},[1690,2163,1681],{},[1690,2165,2071],{},[1690,2167,2074],{},[1690,2169,2077],{},[1690,2171,2080],{},[1706,2173,2174],{},[1687,2175,2176,2178,2180,2182,2184,2186,2188],{},[1711,2177,1713],{},[1711,2179,2089],{},[1711,2181,1551],{},[1711,2183,2125],{},[1711,2185,2116],{},[1711,2187,2116],{},[1711,2189,1777],{},[1531,2191,2192,2194,2195,2197,2198,2129,2200,2197,2202,2204,2205,2207],{},[1535,2193,1701],{}," 还没建索引，这条输出的 ",[1535,2196,2077],{}," 是 ",[1535,2199,2116],{},[1535,2201,2071],{},[1535,2203,2125],{},"，也就是全表扫描，",[1535,2206,2080],{}," 显示要检查 5 行，正好是表里的全部数据。",[1798,2209,2210],{},[1531,2211,2212,2213,2215,2216,2218,2219,2221,2222,2224],{},"学习阶段不用逐字段理解 ",[1535,2214,1537],{}," 的输出，先养成习惯：写完一条查询，用 ",[1535,2217,1537],{}," 看一眼 ",[1535,2220,2077],{}," 和 ",[1535,2223,2071],{},"，确认有没有用上索引。",[1540,2226],{},[1526,2228,2230],{"id":2229},"️-索引的代价","⚖️ 索引的代价",[1531,2232,2233],{},"索引不是免费的，它有两方面的代价：",[1823,2235,2236,2242],{},[1826,2237,2238,2241],{},[1812,2239,2240],{},"占用存储空间","：索引本身也是一份数据，要实实在在存在磁盘上。表越大、索引越多，占的空间越多。",[1826,2243,2244,2247],{},[1812,2245,2246],{},"拖慢写操作","：执行 INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE 时，MySQL 除了改数据，还要同步更新相关的所有索引，索引越多写入越慢。",[1531,2249,2250],{},"还是用字典打比方：每新增一个字，正文要加一页，检字表也要同步加一条。检字表维护得越复杂，往后每次加字的工作量就越大。",[1531,2252,2253,2254,2257],{},"所以结论是：",[1812,2255,2256],{},"索引不是越多越好，只给真正高频的查询条件加","。",[1540,2259],{},[1526,2261,2263],{"id":2262},"常见优化建议","💡 常见优化建议",[1531,2265,2266],{},"结合前面的知识，整理几条常用的查询优化建议。",[1531,2268,2269],{},[1812,2270,2271,2272,2275],{},"1. 避免 ",[1535,2273,2274],{},"SELECT *","，只查需要的列",[1562,2277,2279],{"className":1564,"code":2278,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"-- 不推荐：把所有列都查出来\nSELECT * FROM user WHERE city = '北京';\n\n-- 推荐：只查需要的列，减少数据传输量\nSELECT id, username FROM user WHERE city = '北京';\n",[1535,2280,2281,2286,2291,2295,2300],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,2282,2283],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,2284,2285],{},"-- 不推荐：把所有列都查出来\n",[1571,2287,2288],{"class":1573,"line":1580},[1571,2289,2290],{},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE city = '北京';\n",[1571,2292,2293],{"class":1573,"line":1586},[1571,2294,1590],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1589},[1571,2296,2297],{"class":1573,"line":1593},[1571,2298,2299],{},"-- 推荐：只查需要的列，减少数据传输量\n",[1571,2301,2302],{"class":1573,"line":1599},[1571,2303,2304],{},"SELECT id, username FROM user WHERE city = '北京';\n",[1531,2306,2307,2308,2310],{},"第一条 ",[1535,2309,2274],{}," 的执行结果如下：",[1681,2312,2313,2327],{},[1684,2314,2315],{},[1687,2316,2317,2319,2321,2323,2325],{},[1690,2318,1692],{},[1690,2320,1695],{},[1690,2322,1698],{},[1690,2324,1701],{},[1690,2326,1704],{},[1706,2328,2329,2341],{},[1687,2330,2331,2333,2335,2337,2339],{},[1711,2332,1713],{},[1711,2334,1716],{},[1711,2336,1719],{},[1711,2338,1722],{},[1711,2340,1725],{},[1687,2342,2343,2345,2347,2349,2351],{},[1711,2344,1746],{},[1711,2346,1749],{},[1711,2348,1752],{},[1711,2350,1722],{},[1711,2352,1725],{},[1531,2354,2355,2356,2221,2358,2360],{},"第二条只查 ",[1535,2357,1692],{},[1535,2359,1695],{},"，执行结果如下：",[1681,2362,2363,2371],{},[1684,2364,2365],{},[1687,2366,2367,2369],{},[1690,2368,1692],{},[1690,2370,1695],{},[1706,2372,2373,2379],{},[1687,2374,2375,2377],{},[1711,2376,1713],{},[1711,2378,1716],{},[1687,2380,2381,2383],{},[1711,2382,1746],{},[1711,2384,1749],{},[1531,2386,2387],{},"两条 SQL 查到的行是一样的，区别在返回的列数：不需要的列查出来只会白白增加数据传输量。",[1531,2389,2390],{},[1812,2391,2392],{},"2. 常出现在 WHERE 里的列考虑加索引",[1531,2394,2395,2396,2398],{},"如果接口经常按 ",[1535,2397,1701],{}," 筛选用户，就值得给它建索引；一年查不了几次的字段，加了反而是负担。",[1531,2400,2401],{},[1812,2402,2403],{},"3. LIKE 以 % 开头走不了索引",[1562,2405,2407],{"className":1564,"code":2406,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"-- 能用上索引：按开头匹配\nSELECT * FROM user WHERE username LIKE 'zhang%';\n\n-- 走不了索引：以 % 开头，MySQL 无法按顺序定位\nSELECT * FROM user WHERE username LIKE '%san';\n",[1535,2408,2409,2414,2419,2423,2428],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,2410,2411],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,2412,2413],{},"-- 能用上索引：按开头匹配\n",[1571,2415,2416],{"class":1573,"line":1580},[1571,2417,2418],{},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE username LIKE 'zhang%';\n",[1571,2420,2421],{"class":1573,"line":1586},[1571,2422,1590],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1589},[1571,2424,2425],{"class":1573,"line":1593},[1571,2426,2427],{},"-- 走不了索引：以 % 开头，MySQL 无法按顺序定位\n",[1571,2429,2430],{"class":1573,"line":1599},[1571,2431,2432],{},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE username LIKE '%san';\n",[1531,2434,2435],{},"第一条按开头匹配，执行结果如下：",[1681,2437,2438,2452],{},[1684,2439,2440],{},[1687,2441,2442,2444,2446,2448,2450],{},[1690,2443,1692],{},[1690,2445,1695],{},[1690,2447,1698],{},[1690,2449,1701],{},[1690,2451,1704],{},[1706,2453,2454],{},[1687,2455,2456,2458,2460,2462,2464],{},[1711,2457,1713],{},[1711,2459,1716],{},[1711,2461,1719],{},[1711,2463,1722],{},[1711,2465,1725],{},[1531,2467,2468,2469,2472],{},"第二条以 ",[1535,2470,2471],{},"%"," 开头，执行结果如下：",[1681,2474,2475,2489],{},[1684,2476,2477],{},[1687,2478,2479,2481,2483,2485,2487],{},[1690,2480,1692],{},[1690,2482,1695],{},[1690,2484,1698],{},[1690,2486,1701],{},[1690,2488,1704],{},[1706,2490,2491],{},[1687,2492,2493,2495,2497,2499,2501],{},[1711,2494,1713],{},[1711,2496,1716],{},[1711,2498,1719],{},[1711,2500,1722],{},[1711,2502,1725],{},[1531,2504,2505,2506,2508],{},"两条 SQL 查到的数据相同，区别只在执行方式：第一条能用上 ",[1535,2507,1943],{}," 索引，第二条只能全表扫描。",[1531,2510,2511],{},"原因用字典类比很好理解：检字表是按拼音开头组织的，你知道开头就能快速定位；但「找出所有拼音里包含 san 的字」没法利用这个顺序，只能全翻一遍。",[1531,2513,2514],{},[1812,2515,2516],{},"4. 联合索引遵循最左前缀原则",[1531,2518,2519],{},"一个索引可以包含多个字段，这叫联合索引：",[1562,2521,2523],{"className":1564,"code":2522,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"CREATE INDEX idx_city_age ON user (city, age);\n",[1535,2524,2525],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,2526,2527],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,2528,2522],{},[1531,2530,2531,2532,2535],{},"它像一本先按城市、再按年龄排序的电话簿，查询要",[1812,2533,2534],{},"从左侧的字段开始连续匹配","才能用上：",[1562,2537,2539],{"className":1564,"code":2538,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"-- 能用上：匹配了左侧的 city\nSELECT * FROM user WHERE city = '北京';\n\n-- 能用上：city 和 age 连续匹配\nSELECT * FROM user WHERE city = '北京' AND age = 20;\n\n-- 走不了索引：跳过了 city，只查 age\nSELECT * FROM user WHERE age = 20;\n",[1535,2540,2541,2546,2550,2554,2559,2564,2568,2573],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,2542,2543],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,2544,2545],{},"-- 能用上：匹配了左侧的 city\n",[1571,2547,2548],{"class":1573,"line":1580},[1571,2549,2290],{},[1571,2551,2552],{"class":1573,"line":1586},[1571,2553,1590],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1589},[1571,2555,2556],{"class":1573,"line":1593},[1571,2557,2558],{},"-- 能用上：city 和 age 连续匹配\n",[1571,2560,2561],{"class":1573,"line":1599},[1571,2562,2563],{},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE city = '北京' AND age = 20;\n",[1571,2565,2566],{"class":1573,"line":1605},[1571,2567,1590],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1589},[1571,2569,2570],{"class":1573,"line":1611},[1571,2571,2572],{},"-- 走不了索引：跳过了 city，只查 age\n",[1571,2574,2575],{"class":1573,"line":1617},[1571,2576,2577],{},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE age = 20;\n",[1531,2579,2580,2581,2583],{},"三条 SQL 的执行结果依次如下。第一条按 ",[1535,2582,1701],{}," 查询：",[1681,2585,2586,2600],{},[1684,2587,2588],{},[1687,2589,2590,2592,2594,2596,2598],{},[1690,2591,1692],{},[1690,2593,1695],{},[1690,2595,1698],{},[1690,2597,1701],{},[1690,2599,1704],{},[1706,2601,2602,2614],{},[1687,2603,2604,2606,2608,2610,2612],{},[1711,2605,1713],{},[1711,2607,1716],{},[1711,2609,1719],{},[1711,2611,1722],{},[1711,2613,1725],{},[1687,2615,2616,2618,2620,2622,2624],{},[1711,2617,1746],{},[1711,2619,1749],{},[1711,2621,1752],{},[1711,2623,1722],{},[1711,2625,1725],{},[1531,2627,2628,2629,2221,2631,2633],{},"第二条按 ",[1535,2630,1701],{},[1535,2632,1698],{}," 一起查询：",[1681,2635,2636,2650],{},[1684,2637,2638],{},[1687,2639,2640,2642,2644,2646,2648],{},[1690,2641,1692],{},[1690,2643,1695],{},[1690,2645,1698],{},[1690,2647,1701],{},[1690,2649,1704],{},[1706,2651,2652],{},[1687,2653,2654,2656,2658,2660,2662],{},[1711,2655,1713],{},[1711,2657,1716],{},[1711,2659,1719],{},[1711,2661,1722],{},[1711,2663,1725],{},[1531,2665,2666,2667,2583],{},"第三条只按 ",[1535,2668,1698],{},[1681,2670,2671,2685],{},[1684,2672,2673],{},[1687,2674,2675,2677,2679,2681,2683],{},[1690,2676,1692],{},[1690,2678,1695],{},[1690,2680,1698],{},[1690,2682,1701],{},[1690,2684,1704],{},[1706,2686,2687],{},[1687,2688,2689,2691,2693,2695,2697],{},[1711,2690,1713],{},[1711,2692,1716],{},[1711,2694,1719],{},[1711,2696,1722],{},[1711,2698,1725],{},[1531,2700,2701],{},"可以看到三条 SQL 都能查到正确的数据，走不走索引影响的是查找方式和速度，不影响结果的对错。",[1540,2703],{},[1526,2705,2707],{"id":2706},"哪些字段适合建索引","⚡ 哪些字段适合建索引",[1531,2709,2710],{},"适合建索引的字段：",[1823,2712,2713,2719],{},[1826,2714,2715,2718],{},[1812,2716,2717],{},"高频查询条件","：经常出现在 WHERE 里的字段，比如用户名、手机号。",[1826,2720,2721,2724],{},[1812,2722,2723],{},"常用于排序、关联的字段","：比如 ORDER BY 的字段、多表关联用的外键字段。",[1531,2726,2727],{},"不适合建索引的字段：",[1823,2729,2730,2736],{},[1826,2731,2732,2735],{},[1812,2733,2734],{},"区分度低的字段","：比如性别，只有两三个取值，索引过滤不掉多少数据，帮助有限。",[1826,2737,2738,2741],{},[1812,2739,2740],{},"频繁更新的字段","：每次更新都要同步维护索引，字段更新越频繁，索引的维护成本越高。",[1540,2743],{},[1526,2745,2747],{"id":2746},"小节总结","🧾 小节总结",[1823,2749,2750,2753,2764,2779,2782,2791],{},[1826,2751,2752],{},"索引是帮助 MySQL 快速定位数据的数据结构，作用类似字典的检字表，能避免全表扫描。",[1826,2754,2755,2756,2759,2760,2763],{},"主键自动带索引，其他字段用 ",[1535,2757,2758],{},"CREATE INDEX 索引名 ON 表名 (字段名)"," 创建，",[1535,2761,2762],{},"SHOW INDEX FROM 表名"," 查看。",[1826,2765,2766,2767,2769,2770,2772,2773,2775,2776,2778],{},"用 ",[1535,2768,1537],{}," 分析 SQL，入门阶段重点看 ",[1535,2771,2077],{},"（用到的索引）和 ",[1535,2774,2071],{},"（",[1535,2777,2125],{}," 是全表扫描）两列。",[1826,2780,2781],{},"索引有代价：占存储空间、拖慢写入，只给高频查询条件加。",[1826,2783,2784,2787,2788,2790],{},[1535,2785,2786],{},"LIKE"," 以 ",[1535,2789,2471],{}," 开头走不了索引；联合索引要从左侧字段开始连续匹配（最左前缀原则）。",[1826,2792,2793,2794,2796],{},"区分度低、频繁更新的字段不适合建索引；查询时避免 ",[1535,2795,2274],{},"，只取需要的列。",[1540,2798],{},[1526,2800,2802],{"id":2801},"知识问答","❓ 知识问答",[1531,2804,2805],{},[1812,2806,2807],{},"Q1：表里只有几条数据，还需要关心索引吗？",[1531,2809,2810],{},"数据少的时候全表扫描也很快，索引的优势要在大量数据下才明显。学习阶段先掌握「创建索引、用 EXPLAIN 验证」的方法，数据量大了自然用得上。",[1531,2812,2813],{},[1812,2814,2815],{},"Q2：索引是不是加得越多越好？",[1531,2817,2818],{},"不是。每个索引都占存储空间，并且 INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE 时都要同步维护。索引加得太多，查询快了一点，写入却明显变慢，需要权衡。",[1531,2820,2821],{},[1812,2822,2823],{},"Q3：主键索引和自己创建的索引有什么区别？",[1531,2825,2826,2827,2829,2830,2833],{},"主键索引是声明 ",[1535,2828,1856],{}," 时自动创建的，一张表只能有一个主键；普通索引用 ",[1535,2831,2832],{},"CREATE INDEX"," 手动创建，一张表可以有多个，用于加速主键以外的查询条件。",[1531,2835,2836],{},[1812,2837,2838,2839,2842],{},"Q4：为什么 ",[1535,2840,2841],{},"LIKE '%san'"," 走不了索引？",[1531,2844,2845,2846,2849,2850,2853],{},"索引是按字段值的顺序组织的，",[1535,2847,2848],{},"'zhang%'"," 这种知道开头的匹配可以按顺序定位；",[1535,2851,2852],{},"'%san'"," 开头不确定，任何位置都可能命中，MySQL 无法利用顺序，只能全表扫描。",[1531,2855,2856],{},[1812,2857,2858],{},"Q5：EXPLAIN 的 type 列出现 ALL 怎么办？",[1531,2860,2861,2862,2864],{},"说明这条查询在做全表扫描。先检查 WHERE 里的字段有没有索引，没有的话评估这个查询的使用频率，高频就给它建一个索引，建完再 ",[1535,2863,1537],{}," 验证一次。",[1540,2866],{},[1526,2868,2870],{"id":2869},"小练习","🧪 小练习",[1531,2872,2873,2876,2877,1924,2879,2881,2882,2884,2885,2887,2888,2890,2891,2221,2893,2895],{},[1812,2874,2875],{},"练习 1","：给 ",[1535,2878,1551],{},[1535,2880,1701],{}," 字段创建索引，然后用 ",[1535,2883,1537],{}," 验证下面这条 SQL 用上了索引（观察 ",[1535,2886,2077],{}," 列），再对比一条按 ",[1535,2889,1698],{}," 查询的 SQL，看看没建索引时 ",[1535,2892,2077],{},[1535,2894,2071],{}," 是什么。",[1562,2897,2899],{"className":1564,"code":2898,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"-- 请在这里编写 SQL：创建 city 索引\n\n-- 请在这里编写 SQL：EXPLAIN 按 city 查询\n\n-- 请在这里编写 SQL：EXPLAIN 按 age 查询\n",[1535,2900,2901,2906,2910,2915,2919],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,2902,2903],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,2904,2905],{},"-- 请在这里编写 SQL：创建 city 索引\n",[1571,2907,2908],{"class":1573,"line":1580},[1571,2909,1590],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1589},[1571,2911,2912],{"class":1573,"line":1586},[1571,2913,2914],{},"-- 请在这里编写 SQL：EXPLAIN 按 city 查询\n",[1571,2916,2917],{"class":1573,"line":1593},[1571,2918,1590],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1589},[1571,2920,2921],{"class":1573,"line":1599},[1571,2922,2923],{},"-- 请在这里编写 SQL：EXPLAIN 按 age 查询\n",[1531,2925,2926,2929,2930,2933,2934,2936,2937,2939,2940,2221,2942,2944,2945,2947,2948,2950,2951,2953],{},[1812,2927,2928],{},"练习 2","：创建 ",[1535,2931,2932],{},"(city, age)"," 联合索引，用 ",[1535,2935,1537],{}," 分别验证三条 SQL：只按 ",[1535,2938,1701],{}," 查、按 ",[1535,2941,1701],{},[1535,2943,1698],{}," 一起查、只按 ",[1535,2946,1698],{}," 查，观察哪一条的 ",[1535,2949,2077],{}," 列是 ",[1535,2952,2116],{},"，想想为什么。",[1562,2955,2957],{"className":1564,"code":2956,"language":1566,"meta":1567,"style":1567},"-- 请在这里编写 SQL\n",[1535,2958,2959],{"__ignoreMap":1567},[1571,2960,2961],{"class":1573,"line":1574},[1571,2962,2956],{},[1540,2964],{},[1531,2966,2967],{},"🎉 恭喜你已经掌握索引与查询优化的入门技能啦！到这里，整个 MySQL 课程也学完了：从安装 MySQL、数据库与表的增删改查，到条件查询、数据类型与约束、多表关联，再到在 Node.js 中用 mysql2 操作数据库，以及今天的索引与优化。你已经具备了前端开发者日常用数据库的完整知识，接下来就在自己的项目里多用多练吧！",[2969,2970,2971],"style",{},"html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: var(--shiki-default-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-default-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-default-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-default-text-decoration);}html .dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}html.dark .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-dark);background: var(--shiki-dark-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-dark-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-dark-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-dark-text-decoration);}",{"title":1567,"searchDepth":1580,"depth":1580,"links":2973},[2974,2975,2976,2977,2978,2979,2980,2981,2982,2983,2984,2985],{"id":1528,"depth":1580,"text":1529},{"id":1544,"depth":1580,"text":1545},{"id":1807,"depth":1580,"text":1808},{"id":1849,"depth":1580,"text":1850},{"id":1917,"depth":1580,"text":1918},{"id":2033,"depth":1580,"text":2034},{"id":2229,"depth":1580,"text":2230},{"id":2262,"depth":1580,"text":2263},{"id":2706,"depth":1580,"text":2707},{"id":2746,"depth":1580,"text":2747},{"id":2801,"depth":1580,"text":2802},{"id":2869,"depth":1580,"text":2870},"理解索引的作用与代价，学会创建索引并用 EXPLAIN 分析查询，掌握常见的查询优化建议。","md",null,{},{"title":1304},{"title":1521,"description":2986},"rjxuutNLje",[2994,2996],{"title":1300,"path":1301,"stem":1302,"description":2995,"children":-1},"学会用 mysql2 连接池在 Node.js 中增删改查 MySQL，并用参数化查询防范 SQL 注入。",{"title":1314,"path":1315,"stem":1316,"description":2997,"children":-1},"了解 MongoDB 是什么、和 MySQL 有什么区别，学会用 Docker 在本地运行 MongoDB 并成功连接。",1784715108491]