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material-theme-palenight","CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS blog_demo;\n\nUSE blog_demo;\n\nCREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS user (\n    id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,\n    username VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,\n    age INT,\n    city VARCHAR(50),\n    created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP\n);\n\nINSERT INTO user (username, age, city) VALUES\n    ('小明', 20, '北京'),\n    ('小红', 25, '上海'),\n    ('小刚', 30, '广州');\n","sql",[1582,1640,1641,1646,1652,1657,1662,1668,1674,1680,1686,1692,1698,1704,1709,1715,1721,1727],{"__ignoreMap":1580},[1585,1642,1643],{"class":1587,"line":1588},[1585,1644,1645],{},"CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS blog_demo;\n",[1585,1647,1648],{"class":1587,"line":1610},[1585,1649,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},true,"\n",[1585,1653,1654],{"class":1587,"line":1622},[1585,1655,1656],{},"USE blog_demo;\n",[1585,1658,1660],{"class":1587,"line":1659},4,[1585,1661,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,1663,1665],{"class":1587,"line":1664},5,[1585,1666,1667],{},"CREATE TABLE IF 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'上海'),\n",[1585,1728,1730],{"class":1587,"line":1729},16,[1585,1731,1732],{},"    ('小刚', 30, '广州');\n",[1531,1734,1735],{},"插入完成后，执行下面的查询确认数据：",[1575,1737,1739],{"className":1636,"code":1738,"language":1638,"meta":1580,"style":1580},"SELECT * FROM user;\n",[1582,1740,1741],{"__ignoreMap":1580},[1585,1742,1743],{"class":1587,"line":1588},[1585,1744,1738],{},[1531,1746,1747,1748,1751],{},"执行结果如下（",[1582,1749,1750],{},"created_at"," 是你插入数据时的实际时间）：",[1753,1754,1755,1776],"table",{},[1756,1757,1758],"thead",{},[1759,1760,1761,1765,1768,1771,1774],"tr",{},[1762,1763,1764],"th",{},"id",[1762,1766,1767],{},"username",[1762,1769,1770],{},"age",[1762,1772,1773],{},"city",[1762,1775,1750],{},[1777,1778,1779,1797,1813],"tbody",{},[1759,1780,1781,1785,1788,1791,1794],{},[1782,1783,1784],"td",{},"1",[1782,1786,1787],{},"小明",[1782,1789,1790],{},"20",[1782,1792,1793],{},"北京",[1782,1795,1796],{},"2026-07-20 13:30:00",[1759,1798,1799,1802,1805,1808,1811],{},[1782,1800,1801],{},"2",[1782,1803,1804],{},"小红",[1782,1806,1807],{},"25",[1782,1809,1810],{},"上海",[1782,1812,1796],{},[1759,1814,1815,1818,1821,1824,1827],{},[1782,1816,1817],{},"3",[1782,1819,1820],{},"小刚",[1782,1822,1823],{},"30",[1782,1825,1826],{},"广州",[1782,1828,1796],{},[1531,1830,1831],{},"后面的 Node.js 示例都基于这 3 行数据展开。",[1833,1834,1835],"tip",{},[1531,1836,1837,1838,1841],{},"如果你前面几篇已经建过这张表，跳过上面的建表语句即可。本文所有示例都围绕 ",[1582,1839,1840],{},"user"," 表展开，字段保持一致。",[1551,1843],{},[1526,1845,1847],{"id":1846},"promise-api-与连接池","✨ Promise API 与连接池",[1531,1849,1850,1851,1854,1855,1858,1859,1862],{},"mysql2 提供两种风格的 API：回调和 Promise。我们统一使用 ",[1538,1852,1853],{},"Promise 版本","，配合 ",[1582,1856,1857],{},"async/await"," 写法和你在 Express、Egg.js 里的习惯一致，从 ",[1582,1860,1861],{},"mysql2/promise"," 引入即可。",[1531,1864,1865],{},"连接数据库也有两种方式：",[1867,1868,1869,1880],"ul",{},[1870,1871,1872,1875,1876,1879],"li",{},[1582,1873,1874],{},"createConnection","：创建",[1538,1877,1878],{},"单个连接","，用完要手动关闭。适合临时脚本，比如一次性导入数据。",[1870,1881,1882,1875,1885,1887],{},[1582,1883,1884],{},"createPool",[1538,1886,1544],{},"，池子里预先备好一批连接，用完归还而不是销毁，下次请求直接复用。",[1531,1889,1890,1891,1894],{},"可以打个比喻：单个连接像每次出门都买一辆新车，用完就扔掉；连接池像共享单车，骑完还到原地，下一个人扫码就能用。",[1538,1892,1893],{},"实际项目一律推荐连接池","，因为建立一次数据库连接是有开销的，频繁建连会拖慢接口响应，还可能把数据库连接数耗尽。",[1531,1896,1897],{},"创建连接池的代码如下：",[1575,1899,1904],{"className":1900,"code":1901,"filename":1902,"language":1903,"meta":1580,"style":1580},"language-js shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","const mysql = require('mysql2/promise');\n\nconst pool = mysql.createPool({\n    host: 'localhost',\n    user: 'root',\n    password: '123456',\n    database: 'blog_demo',\n});\n\nmodule.exports = pool;\n","db.js","js",[1582,1905,1906,1938,1942,1964,1984,2000,2016,2032,2041,2045],{"__ignoreMap":1580},[1585,1907,1908,1912,1916,1919,1922,1925,1928,1930,1932,1935],{"class":1587,"line":1588},[1585,1909,1911],{"class":1910},"s50WR","const",[1585,1913,1915],{"class":1914},"sndM8"," mysql ",[1585,1917,1918],{"class":1599},"=",[1585,1920,1921],{"class":1603}," require",[1585,1923,1924],{"class":1914},"(",[1585,1926,1927],{"class":1599},"'",[1585,1929,1861],{"class":1595},[1585,1931,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,1933,1934],{"class":1914},")",[1585,1936,1937],{"class":1599},";\n",[1585,1939,1940],{"class":1587,"line":1610},[1585,1941,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,1943,1944,1946,1949,1951,1954,1957,1959,1961],{"class":1587,"line":1622},[1585,1945,1911],{"class":1910},[1585,1947,1948],{"class":1914}," pool ",[1585,1950,1918],{"class":1599},[1585,1952,1953],{"class":1914}," mysql",[1585,1955,1956],{"class":1599},".",[1585,1958,1884],{"class":1603},[1585,1960,1924],{"class":1914},[1585,1962,1963],{"class":1599},"{\n",[1585,1965,1966,1970,1973,1976,1979,1981],{"class":1587,"line":1659},[1585,1967,1969],{"class":1968},"sd2Uz","    host",[1585,1971,1972],{"class":1599},":",[1585,1974,1975],{"class":1599}," '",[1585,1977,1978],{"class":1595},"localhost",[1585,1980,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,1982,1983],{"class":1599},",\n",[1585,1985,1986,1989,1991,1993,1996,1998],{"class":1587,"line":1664},[1585,1987,1988],{"class":1968},"    user",[1585,1990,1972],{"class":1599},[1585,1992,1975],{"class":1599},[1585,1994,1995],{"class":1595},"root",[1585,1997,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,1999,1983],{"class":1599},[1585,2001,2002,2005,2007,2009,2012,2014],{"class":1587,"line":1670},[1585,2003,2004],{"class":1968},"    password",[1585,2006,1972],{"class":1599},[1585,2008,1975],{"class":1599},[1585,2010,2011],{"class":1595},"123456",[1585,2013,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2015,1983],{"class":1599},[1585,2017,2018,2021,2023,2025,2028,2030],{"class":1587,"line":1676},[1585,2019,2020],{"class":1968},"    database",[1585,2022,1972],{"class":1599},[1585,2024,1975],{"class":1599},[1585,2026,2027],{"class":1595},"blog_demo",[1585,2029,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2031,1983],{"class":1599},[1585,2033,2034,2037,2039],{"class":1587,"line":1682},[1585,2035,2036],{"class":1599},"}",[1585,2038,1934],{"class":1914},[1585,2040,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2042,2043],{"class":1587,"line":1688},[1585,2044,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,2046,2047,2050,2053,2056],{"class":1587,"line":1694},[1585,2048,2049],{"class":1599},"module.exports",[1585,2051,2052],{"class":1599}," =",[1585,2054,2055],{"class":1914}," pool",[1585,2057,1937],{"class":1599},[1531,2059,2060],{},"四个配置分别对应：数据库地址、用户名、密码、要使用的数据库名。",[2062,2063,2064],"warning",{},[1531,2065,2066,2067,2070,2071,2074],{},"真实项目中密码不能写死在代码里，要放到环境变量中（比如用 ",[1582,2068,2069],{},".env"," 文件配合 ",[1582,2072,2073],{},"process.env"," 读取），避免提交到代码仓库泄露。学习阶段写死即可，心里有这根弦就行。",[1551,2076],{},[1526,2078,2080],{"id":2079},"用连接池完成增删改查","🛠 用连接池完成增删改查",[1531,2082,2083,2084,2087],{},"执行 SQL 统一用 ",[1582,2085,2086],{},"pool.query()","，它的返回值是一个数组，第一个元素是查询结果。下面四个例子覆盖了日常开发中的完整 CRUD。",[1531,2089,2090,2093,2094,2097],{},[1538,2091,2092],{},"查询用户列表","，",[1582,2095,2096],{},"SELECT"," 返回的是所有匹配的行：",[1575,2099,2102],{"className":1900,"code":2100,"filename":2101,"language":1903,"meta":1580,"style":1580},"const pool = require('./db');\n\nasync function main() {\n    // 查询用户列表\n    const [rows] = await pool.query('SELECT * FROM user');\n    console.log(rows);\n\n    // 按 id 查询单个用户，? 是占位符\n    const [users] = await pool.query('SELECT * FROM user WHERE id = ?', [1]);\n    console.log(users[0]);\n\n    // 新增用户\n    const [result] = await pool.query(\n        'INSERT INTO user (username, age, city) VALUES (?, ?, ?)',\n        ['小美', 22, '深圳']\n    );\n    console.log('新增成功，id =', result.insertId);\n\n    // 更新用户\n    await pool.query('UPDATE user SET age = ? WHERE id = ?', [23, result.insertId]);\n\n    // 删除用户\n    await pool.query('DELETE FROM user WHERE id = ?', [result.insertId]);\n}\n\nmain();\n","crud.js",[1582,2103,2104,2127,2131,2148,2154,2194,2212,2216,2221,2264,2286,2290,2295,2319,2331,2360,2367,2399,2404,2410,2450,2455,2461,2495,2501,2506],{"__ignoreMap":1580},[1585,2105,2106,2108,2110,2112,2114,2116,2118,2121,2123,2125],{"class":1587,"line":1588},[1585,2107,1911],{"class":1910},[1585,2109,1948],{"class":1914},[1585,2111,1918],{"class":1599},[1585,2113,1921],{"class":1603},[1585,2115,1924],{"class":1914},[1585,2117,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2119,2120],{"class":1595},"./db",[1585,2122,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2124,1934],{"class":1914},[1585,2126,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2128,2129],{"class":1587,"line":1610},[1585,2130,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,2132,2133,2136,2139,2142,2145],{"class":1587,"line":1622},[1585,2134,2135],{"class":1910},"async",[1585,2137,2138],{"class":1910}," function",[1585,2140,2141],{"class":1603}," main",[1585,2143,2144],{"class":1599},"()",[1585,2146,2147],{"class":1599}," {\n",[1585,2149,2150],{"class":1587,"line":1659},[1585,2151,2153],{"class":2152},"syuKq","    // 查询用户列表\n",[1585,2155,2156,2159,2162,2165,2168,2170,2174,2176,2178,2181,2183,2185,2188,2190,2192],{"class":1587,"line":1664},[1585,2157,2158],{"class":1910},"    const",[1585,2160,2161],{"class":1599}," [",[1585,2163,2164],{"class":1914},"rows",[1585,2166,2167],{"class":1599},"]",[1585,2169,2052],{"class":1599},[1585,2171,2173],{"class":2172},"s8pZq"," await",[1585,2175,2055],{"class":1914},[1585,2177,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2179,2180],{"class":1603},"query",[1585,2182,1924],{"class":1968},[1585,2184,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2186,2187],{"class":1595},"SELECT * FROM user",[1585,2189,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2191,1934],{"class":1968},[1585,2193,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2195,2196,2199,2201,2204,2206,2208,2210],{"class":1587,"line":1670},[1585,2197,2198],{"class":1914},"    console",[1585,2200,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2202,2203],{"class":1603},"log",[1585,2205,1924],{"class":1968},[1585,2207,2164],{"class":1914},[1585,2209,1934],{"class":1968},[1585,2211,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2213,2214],{"class":1587,"line":1676},[1585,2215,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,2217,2218],{"class":1587,"line":1682},[1585,2219,2220],{"class":2152},"    // 按 id 查询单个用户，? 是占位符\n",[1585,2222,2223,2225,2227,2230,2232,2234,2236,2238,2240,2242,2244,2246,2249,2251,2254,2256,2259,2262],{"class":1587,"line":1688},[1585,2224,2158],{"class":1910},[1585,2226,2161],{"class":1599},[1585,2228,2229],{"class":1914},"users",[1585,2231,2167],{"class":1599},[1585,2233,2052],{"class":1599},[1585,2235,2173],{"class":2172},[1585,2237,2055],{"class":1914},[1585,2239,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2241,2180],{"class":1603},[1585,2243,1924],{"class":1968},[1585,2245,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2247,2248],{"class":1595},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE id = ?",[1585,2250,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2252,2253],{"class":1599},",",[1585,2255,2161],{"class":1968},[1585,2257,1784],{"class":2258},"smPcV",[1585,2260,2261],{"class":1968},"])",[1585,2263,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2265,2266,2268,2270,2272,2274,2276,2279,2282,2284],{"class":1587,"line":1694},[1585,2267,2198],{"class":1914},[1585,2269,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2271,2203],{"class":1603},[1585,2273,1924],{"class":1968},[1585,2275,2229],{"class":1914},[1585,2277,2278],{"class":1968},"[",[1585,2280,2281],{"class":2258},"0",[1585,2283,2261],{"class":1968},[1585,2285,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2287,2288],{"class":1587,"line":1700},[1585,2289,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,2291,2292],{"class":1587,"line":1706},[1585,2293,2294],{"class":2152},"    // 新增用户\n",[1585,2296,2297,2299,2301,2304,2306,2308,2310,2312,2314,2316],{"class":1587,"line":1711},[1585,2298,2158],{"class":1910},[1585,2300,2161],{"class":1599},[1585,2302,2303],{"class":1914},"result",[1585,2305,2167],{"class":1599},[1585,2307,2052],{"class":1599},[1585,2309,2173],{"class":2172},[1585,2311,2055],{"class":1914},[1585,2313,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2315,2180],{"class":1603},[1585,2317,2318],{"class":1968},"(\n",[1585,2320,2321,2324,2327,2329],{"class":1587,"line":1717},[1585,2322,2323],{"class":1599},"        '",[1585,2325,2326],{"class":1595},"INSERT INTO user (username, age, city) VALUES (?, ?, ?)",[1585,2328,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2330,1983],{"class":1599},[1585,2332,2333,2336,2338,2341,2343,2345,2348,2350,2352,2355,2357],{"class":1587,"line":1723},[1585,2334,2335],{"class":1968},"        [",[1585,2337,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2339,2340],{"class":1595},"小美",[1585,2342,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2344,2253],{"class":1599},[1585,2346,2347],{"class":2258}," 22",[1585,2349,2253],{"class":1599},[1585,2351,1975],{"class":1599},[1585,2353,2354],{"class":1595},"深圳",[1585,2356,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2358,2359],{"class":1968},"]\n",[1585,2361,2362,2365],{"class":1587,"line":1729},[1585,2363,2364],{"class":1968},"    )",[1585,2366,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2368,2370,2372,2374,2376,2378,2380,2383,2385,2387,2390,2392,2395,2397],{"class":1587,"line":2369},17,[1585,2371,2198],{"class":1914},[1585,2373,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2375,2203],{"class":1603},[1585,2377,1924],{"class":1968},[1585,2379,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2381,2382],{"class":1595},"新增成功，id =",[1585,2384,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2386,2253],{"class":1599},[1585,2388,2389],{"class":1914}," result",[1585,2391,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2393,2394],{"class":1914},"insertId",[1585,2396,1934],{"class":1968},[1585,2398,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2400,2402],{"class":1587,"line":2401},18,[1585,2403,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,2405,2407],{"class":1587,"line":2406},19,[1585,2408,2409],{"class":2152},"    // 更新用户\n",[1585,2411,2413,2416,2418,2420,2422,2424,2426,2429,2431,2433,2435,2438,2440,2442,2444,2446,2448],{"class":1587,"line":2412},20,[1585,2414,2415],{"class":2172},"    await",[1585,2417,2055],{"class":1914},[1585,2419,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2421,2180],{"class":1603},[1585,2423,1924],{"class":1968},[1585,2425,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2427,2428],{"class":1595},"UPDATE user SET age = ? WHERE id = ?",[1585,2430,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2432,2253],{"class":1599},[1585,2434,2161],{"class":1968},[1585,2436,2437],{"class":2258},"23",[1585,2439,2253],{"class":1599},[1585,2441,2389],{"class":1914},[1585,2443,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2445,2394],{"class":1914},[1585,2447,2261],{"class":1968},[1585,2449,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2451,2453],{"class":1587,"line":2452},21,[1585,2454,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,2456,2458],{"class":1587,"line":2457},22,[1585,2459,2460],{"class":2152},"    // 删除用户\n",[1585,2462,2464,2466,2468,2470,2472,2474,2476,2479,2481,2483,2485,2487,2489,2491,2493],{"class":1587,"line":2463},23,[1585,2465,2415],{"class":2172},[1585,2467,2055],{"class":1914},[1585,2469,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2471,2180],{"class":1603},[1585,2473,1924],{"class":1968},[1585,2475,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2477,2478],{"class":1595},"DELETE FROM user WHERE id = ?",[1585,2480,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2482,2253],{"class":1599},[1585,2484,2161],{"class":1968},[1585,2486,2303],{"class":1914},[1585,2488,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2490,2394],{"class":1914},[1585,2492,2261],{"class":1968},[1585,2494,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2496,2498],{"class":1587,"line":2497},24,[1585,2499,2500],{"class":1599},"}\n",[1585,2502,2504],{"class":1587,"line":2503},25,[1585,2505,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,2507,2509,2512,2514],{"class":1587,"line":2508},26,[1585,2510,2511],{"class":1603},"main",[1585,2513,2144],{"class":1914},[1585,2515,1937],{"class":1599},[1531,2517,2518,2519,2522,2523,2525,2526,2529,2530,2533],{},"运行 ",[1582,2520,2521],{},"node crud.js","，就能看到查询、新增、更新、删除依次生效。几个关键返回值对应前文的 3 行初始数据：第一条 ",[1582,2524,2096],{}," 查出小明、小红、小刚共 3 行；",[1582,2527,2528],{},"users[0]"," 是 id 为 1 的「小明」；新增的「小美」是第 4 行，所以打印出 ",[1582,2531,2532],{},"新增成功，id = 4","；随后的更新和删除都作用在 id = 4 这一行上，整个脚本跑完后，user 表仍然是最初的 3 行数据。",[1833,2535,2536],{},[1531,2537,2538,2539,2542,2543,2546,2547,2550],{},"注意写法规律：SQL 里凡是来自用户的值，都不要直接拼进字符串，统一写 ",[1582,2540,2541],{},"?"," 占位符，把真实值放进第二个参数的数组里。",[1582,2544,2545],{},"INSERT"," 的结果通过 ",[1582,2548,2549],{},"result.insertId"," 拿到新行的自增 id。",[1551,2552],{},[1526,2554,2556],{"id":2555},"sql-注入新手必须避开的坑","🪤 SQL 注入：新手必须避开的坑",[1531,2558,2559],{},"假设你写一个登录查询，用户名和密码来自用户输入。如果直接用字符串拼接 SQL：",[1575,2561,2563],{"className":1900,"code":2562,"language":1903,"meta":1580,"style":1580},"// 错误示范：字符串拼接 SQL，请勿在项目中使用\nconst sql = `SELECT * FROM user WHERE username = '${username}'`;\nconst [rows] = await pool.query(sql);\n",[1582,2564,2565,2570,2599],{"__ignoreMap":1580},[1585,2566,2567],{"class":1587,"line":1588},[1585,2568,2569],{"class":2152},"// 错误示范：字符串拼接 SQL，请勿在项目中使用\n",[1585,2571,2572,2574,2577,2579,2582,2585,2588,2590,2592,2594,2597],{"class":1587,"line":1610},[1585,2573,1911],{"class":1910},[1585,2575,2576],{"class":1914}," sql ",[1585,2578,1918],{"class":1599},[1585,2580,2581],{"class":1599}," `",[1585,2583,2584],{"class":1595},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE username = '",[1585,2586,2587],{"class":1599},"${",[1585,2589,1767],{"class":1914},[1585,2591,2036],{"class":1599},[1585,2593,1927],{"class":1595},[1585,2595,2596],{"class":1599},"`",[1585,2598,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2600,2601,2603,2605,2607,2609,2611,2613,2615,2617,2619,2622],{"class":1587,"line":1622},[1585,2602,1911],{"class":1910},[1585,2604,2161],{"class":1599},[1585,2606,2164],{"class":1914},[1585,2608,2167],{"class":1599},[1585,2610,2052],{"class":1599},[1585,2612,2173],{"class":2172},[1585,2614,2055],{"class":1914},[1585,2616,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2618,2180],{"class":1603},[1585,2620,2621],{"class":1914},"(sql)",[1585,2623,1937],{"class":1599},[1531,2625,2626,2627,2629,2630,2633],{},"当用户正常输入 ",[1582,2628,1787],{}," 时，拼出的 SQL 没问题。但如果有人恶意输入 ",[1582,2631,2632],{},"' OR '1'='1","，拼出来就变成了：",[1575,2635,2637],{"className":1636,"code":2636,"language":1638,"meta":1580,"style":1580},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE username = '' OR '1'='1'\n",[1582,2638,2639],{"__ignoreMap":1580},[1585,2640,2641],{"class":1587,"line":1588},[1585,2642,2636],{},[1531,2644,2645,2648,2649,2652,2653,2656,2657,2660],{},[1582,2646,2647],{},"'1'='1'"," 永远成立，",[1582,2650,2651],{},"OR"," 让条件对每一行都为真，结果是",[1538,2654,2655],{},"整个 user 表被全部查出来","。这种攻击方式就叫 ",[1538,2658,2659],{},"SQL 注入","：攻击者通过输入框往你的 SQL 里\"注入\"额外语句，轻则泄露数据，重则删库。",[1531,2662,2663,2664,2666,2667,2669],{},"正确做法就是上一节的",[1538,2665,1548],{},"：值通过 ",[1582,2668,2541],{}," 占位符单独传给数据库，数据库把它当作\"纯粹的数据\"处理，不会解析成 SQL 语法，恶意输入自然失效：",[1575,2671,2673],{"className":1900,"code":2672,"language":1903,"meta":1580,"style":1580},"// 正确做法：参数化查询\nconst [rows] = await pool.query('SELECT * FROM user WHERE username = ?', [username]);\n",[1582,2674,2675,2680],{"__ignoreMap":1580},[1585,2676,2677],{"class":1587,"line":1588},[1585,2678,2679],{"class":2152},"// 正确做法：参数化查询\n",[1585,2681,2682,2684,2686,2688,2690,2692,2694,2696,2698,2700,2702,2704,2707,2709,2711,2714],{"class":1587,"line":1610},[1585,2683,1911],{"class":1910},[1585,2685,2161],{"class":1599},[1585,2687,2164],{"class":1914},[1585,2689,2167],{"class":1599},[1585,2691,2052],{"class":1599},[1585,2693,2173],{"class":2172},[1585,2695,2055],{"class":1914},[1585,2697,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2699,2180],{"class":1603},[1585,2701,1924],{"class":1914},[1585,2703,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2705,2706],{"class":1595},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE username = ?",[1585,2708,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2710,2253],{"class":1599},[1585,2712,2713],{"class":1914}," [username])",[1585,2715,1937],{"class":1599},[1531,2717,2718],{},"可以打个比喻：拼接 SQL 像把客人的话原样写进合同，客人写什么就是什么；参数化查询像让客人填表，只能往固定格子里填内容，永远改变不了合同的条款。",[1551,2720],{},[1526,2722,2724],{"id":2723},"为什么参数化查询就安全了","⚡ 为什么参数化查询就安全了",[1531,2726,2727,2728,2730,2731],{},"你可能会冒出这个疑问：参数化查询不也是把 ",[1582,2729,2632],{}," 传进去了吗，难道换个传法就不会注入了？",[1538,2732,2733],{},"真的会失效，关键在于值和 SQL 是分开到达数据库的。",[1531,2735,2736],{},"两种写法的本质区别：",[1867,2738,2739,2752],{},[1870,2740,2741,2744,2745,2747,2748,2751],{},[1538,2742,2743],{},"拼接 SQL","：用户输入先被当作 SQL 文本拼成一条完整语句，数据库拿到后才解析。此时 ",[1582,2746,2632],{}," 已经是语句的一部分，数据库只能照着解析，",[1582,2749,2750],{},"OR '1'='1'"," 就成了语法里的条件。",[1870,2753,2754,2756,2757,2759,2760,2763],{},[1538,2755,1548],{},"：带 ",[1582,2758,2541],{}," 的 SQL 模板先发给数据库编译，执行计划已经确定，值是之后单独传过去的。数据库只把传入内容当作",[1538,2761,2762],{},"一个字符串值","，永远不会再把它解析成 SQL 语法。",[1531,2765,2766],{},"用同一个恶意输入对比，两种写法各自等价于：",[1575,2768,2770],{"className":1636,"code":2769,"language":1638,"meta":1580,"style":1580},"-- 拼接写法，等价于：\nSELECT * FROM user WHERE username = '' OR '1'='1';\n-- 条件恒为真，查出 user 表全部 3 行：小明、小红、小刚\n\n-- 参数化写法，等价于：\nSELECT * FROM user WHERE username = '\\' OR \\'1\\'=\\'1';\n-- 只是匹配一个名字恰好叫 ' OR '1'='1 的用户\n",[1582,2771,2772,2777,2782,2787,2791,2796,2801],{"__ignoreMap":1580},[1585,2773,2774],{"class":1587,"line":1588},[1585,2775,2776],{},"-- 拼接写法，等价于：\n",[1585,2778,2779],{"class":1587,"line":1610},[1585,2780,2781],{},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE username = '' OR '1'='1';\n",[1585,2783,2784],{"class":1587,"line":1622},[1585,2785,2786],{},"-- 条件恒为真，查出 user 表全部 3 行：小明、小红、小刚\n",[1585,2788,2789],{"class":1587,"line":1659},[1585,2790,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,2792,2793],{"class":1587,"line":1664},[1585,2794,2795],{},"-- 参数化写法，等价于：\n",[1585,2797,2798],{"class":1587,"line":1670},[1585,2799,2800],{},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE username = '\\' OR \\'1\\'=\\'1';\n",[1585,2802,2803],{"class":1587,"line":1676},[1585,2804,2805],{},"-- 只是匹配一个名字恰好叫 ' OR '1'='1 的用户\n",[1531,2807,2808,2809,2812,2813,2815,2816,2819],{},"参数化那条的意思变成了：找一个 username ",[1538,2810,2811],{},"恰好等于"," ",[1582,2814,2632],{}," 这整串字符的用户。表里显然没有叫这个名字的人，所以",[1538,2817,2818],{},"一行都查不到","，攻击自然落空。",[2062,2821,2822],{},[1531,2823,2824,2825,2831],{},"记住一条铁律：",[1538,2826,2827,2828,2830],{},"凡是来自用户输入的值，一律走 ",[1582,2829,2541],{}," 占位符，绝不拼字符串","。这是后端开发的基本安全意识。",[1551,2833],{},[1526,2835,2837],{"id":2836},"结合-express-写一个接口","💡 结合 Express 写一个接口",[1531,2839,2840,2841,2844],{},"最后把知识串起来，写一个简洁的 Express 接口：访问 ",[1582,2842,2843],{},"GET /users"," 返回用户列表。",[1575,2846,2849],{"className":1900,"code":2847,"filename":2848,"language":1903,"meta":1580,"style":1580},"const express = require('express');\nconst pool = require('./db');\n\nconst app = express();\n\napp.get('/users', async (req, res) => {\n    const [rows] = await pool.query('SELECT * FROM user');\n    res.json(rows);\n});\n\napp.listen(3000, () => {\n    console.log('服务已启动：http://localhost:3000');\n});\n","server.js",[1582,2850,2851,2875,2897,2901,2917,2921,2964,2996,3014,3022,3026,3049,3070],{"__ignoreMap":1580},[1585,2852,2853,2855,2858,2860,2862,2864,2866,2869,2871,2873],{"class":1587,"line":1588},[1585,2854,1911],{"class":1910},[1585,2856,2857],{"class":1914}," express ",[1585,2859,1918],{"class":1599},[1585,2861,1921],{"class":1603},[1585,2863,1924],{"class":1914},[1585,2865,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2867,2868],{"class":1595},"express",[1585,2870,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2872,1934],{"class":1914},[1585,2874,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2876,2877,2879,2881,2883,2885,2887,2889,2891,2893,2895],{"class":1587,"line":1610},[1585,2878,1911],{"class":1910},[1585,2880,1948],{"class":1914},[1585,2882,1918],{"class":1599},[1585,2884,1921],{"class":1603},[1585,2886,1924],{"class":1914},[1585,2888,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2890,2120],{"class":1595},[1585,2892,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2894,1934],{"class":1914},[1585,2896,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2898,2899],{"class":1587,"line":1622},[1585,2900,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,2902,2903,2905,2908,2910,2913,2915],{"class":1587,"line":1659},[1585,2904,1911],{"class":1910},[1585,2906,2907],{"class":1914}," app ",[1585,2909,1918],{"class":1599},[1585,2911,2912],{"class":1603}," express",[1585,2914,2144],{"class":1914},[1585,2916,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2918,2919],{"class":1587,"line":1664},[1585,2920,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,2922,2923,2926,2928,2931,2933,2935,2938,2940,2942,2945,2948,2952,2954,2957,2959,2962],{"class":1587,"line":1670},[1585,2924,2925],{"class":1914},"app",[1585,2927,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2929,2930],{"class":1603},"get",[1585,2932,1924],{"class":1914},[1585,2934,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2936,2937],{"class":1595},"/users",[1585,2939,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2941,2253],{"class":1599},[1585,2943,2944],{"class":1910}," async",[1585,2946,2947],{"class":1599}," (",[1585,2949,2951],{"class":2950},"sK9QF","req",[1585,2953,2253],{"class":1599},[1585,2955,2956],{"class":2950}," res",[1585,2958,1934],{"class":1599},[1585,2960,2961],{"class":1910}," =>",[1585,2963,2147],{"class":1599},[1585,2965,2966,2968,2970,2972,2974,2976,2978,2980,2982,2984,2986,2988,2990,2992,2994],{"class":1587,"line":1676},[1585,2967,2158],{"class":1910},[1585,2969,2161],{"class":1599},[1585,2971,2164],{"class":1914},[1585,2973,2167],{"class":1599},[1585,2975,2052],{"class":1599},[1585,2977,2173],{"class":2172},[1585,2979,2055],{"class":1914},[1585,2981,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,2983,2180],{"class":1603},[1585,2985,1924],{"class":1968},[1585,2987,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2989,2187],{"class":1595},[1585,2991,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,2993,1934],{"class":1968},[1585,2995,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,2997,2998,3001,3003,3006,3008,3010,3012],{"class":1587,"line":1682},[1585,2999,3000],{"class":1914},"    res",[1585,3002,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,3004,3005],{"class":1603},"json",[1585,3007,1924],{"class":1968},[1585,3009,2164],{"class":1914},[1585,3011,1934],{"class":1968},[1585,3013,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,3015,3016,3018,3020],{"class":1587,"line":1688},[1585,3017,2036],{"class":1599},[1585,3019,1934],{"class":1914},[1585,3021,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,3023,3024],{"class":1587,"line":1694},[1585,3025,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,3027,3028,3030,3032,3035,3037,3040,3042,3045,3047],{"class":1587,"line":1700},[1585,3029,2925],{"class":1914},[1585,3031,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,3033,3034],{"class":1603},"listen",[1585,3036,1924],{"class":1914},[1585,3038,3039],{"class":2258},"3000",[1585,3041,2253],{"class":1599},[1585,3043,3044],{"class":1599}," ()",[1585,3046,2961],{"class":1910},[1585,3048,2147],{"class":1599},[1585,3050,3051,3053,3055,3057,3059,3061,3064,3066,3068],{"class":1587,"line":1706},[1585,3052,2198],{"class":1914},[1585,3054,1956],{"class":1599},[1585,3056,2203],{"class":1603},[1585,3058,1924],{"class":1968},[1585,3060,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,3062,3063],{"class":1595},"服务已启动：http://localhost:3000",[1585,3065,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,3067,1934],{"class":1968},[1585,3069,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,3071,3072,3074,3076],{"class":1587,"line":1711},[1585,3073,2036],{"class":1599},[1585,3075,1934],{"class":1914},[1585,3077,1937],{"class":1599},[1531,3079,2518,3080,3083,3084,3087],{},[1582,3081,3082],{},"node server.js","，浏览器访问 ",[1582,3085,3086],{},"http://localhost:3000/users","，就能看到 JSON 格式的用户列表。到这里，浏览器、Node.js、MySQL 这条完整链路就打通了。",[1551,3089],{},[1526,3091,3093],{"id":3092},"小节总结","🧾 小节总结",[1867,3095,3096,3105,3113,3116,3132],{},[1870,3097,3098,3099,3101,3102,3104],{},"mysql2 是 Node.js 中主流的 MySQL 客户端库，使用 ",[1582,3100,1861],{}," 可以配合 ",[1582,3103,1857],{}," 编写。",[1870,3106,3107,3109,3110,3112],{},[1582,3108,1874],{}," 创建单个连接用完即关，",[1582,3111,1884],{}," 创建连接池复用连接，实际项目推荐连接池。",[1870,3114,3115],{},"连接配置包含 host、user、password、database，真实项目中密码要放到环境变量里。",[1870,3117,3118,3119,3122,3123,3125,3126,3128,3129,3131],{},"用 ",[1582,3120,3121],{},"pool.query(sql, [参数])"," 执行 SQL，",[1582,3124,2096],{}," 结果在返回数组的第一个元素中，",[1582,3127,2545],{}," 可通过 ",[1582,3130,2549],{}," 拿到新行 id。",[1870,3133,3134,3135,3137],{},"SQL 注入会让恶意输入改变查询语义，防范方法是一律用 ",[1582,3136,2541],{}," 占位符做参数化查询，不拼字符串。",[1551,3139],{},[1526,3141,3143],{"id":3142},"知识问答","❓ 知识问答",[1531,3145,3146],{},[1538,3147,3148],{},"Q1：mysql 和 mysql2 两个包有什么区别？",[1531,3150,3151,3154,3155,3157],{},[1582,3152,3153],{},"mysql"," 是老一代的库，更新较少；",[1582,3156,1540],{}," 是它的改进版，性能更好、支持 Promise 风格，对 MySQL 8.x 的新特性兼容也更好。新项目直接用 mysql2 即可。",[1531,3159,3160],{},[1538,3161,3162],{},"Q2：连接池里的连接需要我手动关闭吗？",[1531,3164,3165,3166,3168,3169,3172],{},"不需要。",[1582,3167,2086],{}," 用完会自动把连接归还到池子里，这正是连接池的价值。只有程序退出时才需要调用 ",[1582,3170,3171],{},"pool.end()"," 统一关闭。",[1531,3174,3175],{},[1538,3176,3177,3178,3181],{},"Q3：为什么查询结果要写成 ",[1582,3179,3180],{},"const [rows] = await pool.query(...)","？",[1531,3183,3184,3186,3187,3190],{},[1582,3185,2086],{}," 返回一个数组，第一个元素是数据行，第二个元素是字段元信息。用解构取出第一个元素，就不用每次都写 ",[1582,3188,3189],{},"result[0]"," 了。",[1531,3192,3193],{},[1538,3194,3195,3196,3198],{},"Q4：参数化查询如果也传入 ",[1582,3197,2632],{},"，为什么不会注入？",[1531,3200,3201,3202,3204,3205,3207],{},"因为值和 SQL 模板是分开传给数据库的：模板先编译，值只被当作一个字符串去匹配，不会再被解析成 SQL 语法。此时条件等价于找一个 username 恰好等于 ",[1582,3203,2632],{}," 的用户，查不到就返回空。要注意表名、字段名不能走 ",[1582,3206,2541],{}," 占位符，这类场景要自己在代码里做白名单校验。",[1531,3209,3210],{},[1538,3211,3212],{},"Q5：密码写在代码里有什么风险？",[1531,3214,3215,3216,3218,3219,3222],{},"代码一旦提交到 Git 仓库或被他人看到，数据库密码就泄露了。真实项目要用环境变量管理，并确保 ",[1582,3217,2069],{}," 文件在 ",[1582,3220,3221],{},".gitignore"," 中。",[1551,3224],{},[1526,3226,3228],{"id":3227},"小练习","🧪 小练习",[1531,3230,3231,3232,3235,3236,3239],{},"练习一：参照本文示例，写一个 ",[1582,3233,3234],{},"getUserById"," 函数，接收 id 参数，用参数化查询返回对应用户，查不到时返回 ",[1582,3237,3238],{},"null","。",[1575,3241,3243],{"className":1900,"code":3242,"filename":2101,"language":1903,"meta":1580,"style":1580},"const pool = require('./db');\n\nasync function getUserById(id) {\n    // 请在这里编写代码\n}\n",[1582,3244,3245,3267,3271,3288,3293],{"__ignoreMap":1580},[1585,3246,3247,3249,3251,3253,3255,3257,3259,3261,3263,3265],{"class":1587,"line":1588},[1585,3248,1911],{"class":1910},[1585,3250,1948],{"class":1914},[1585,3252,1918],{"class":1599},[1585,3254,1921],{"class":1603},[1585,3256,1924],{"class":1914},[1585,3258,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,3260,2120],{"class":1595},[1585,3262,1927],{"class":1599},[1585,3264,1934],{"class":1914},[1585,3266,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,3268,3269],{"class":1587,"line":1610},[1585,3270,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,3272,3273,3275,3277,3280,3282,3284,3286],{"class":1587,"line":1622},[1585,3274,2135],{"class":1910},[1585,3276,2138],{"class":1910},[1585,3278,3279],{"class":1603}," getUserById",[1585,3281,1924],{"class":1599},[1585,3283,1764],{"class":2950},[1585,3285,1934],{"class":1599},[1585,3287,2147],{"class":1599},[1585,3289,3290],{"class":1587,"line":1659},[1585,3291,3292],{"class":2152},"    // 请在这里编写代码\n",[1585,3294,3295],{"class":1587,"line":1664},[1585,3296,2500],{"class":1599},[1531,3298,3299],{},"练习二：写一篇 SQL 注入自查，把下面这条拼接 SQL 改成参数化查询写法。",[1575,3301,3303],{"className":1900,"code":3302,"language":1903,"meta":1580,"style":1580},"// 改造前\nconst sql = `SELECT * FROM user WHERE city = '${city}'`;\n\n// 请在这里编写代码\n",[1582,3304,3305,3310,3335,3339],{"__ignoreMap":1580},[1585,3306,3307],{"class":1587,"line":1588},[1585,3308,3309],{"class":2152},"// 改造前\n",[1585,3311,3312,3314,3316,3318,3320,3323,3325,3327,3329,3331,3333],{"class":1587,"line":1610},[1585,3313,1911],{"class":1910},[1585,3315,2576],{"class":1914},[1585,3317,1918],{"class":1599},[1585,3319,2581],{"class":1599},[1585,3321,3322],{"class":1595},"SELECT * FROM user WHERE city = '",[1585,3324,2587],{"class":1599},[1585,3326,1773],{"class":1914},[1585,3328,2036],{"class":1599},[1585,3330,1927],{"class":1595},[1585,3332,2596],{"class":1599},[1585,3334,1937],{"class":1599},[1585,3336,3337],{"class":1587,"line":1622},[1585,3338,1651],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":1650},[1585,3340,3341],{"class":1587,"line":1659},[1585,3342,3343],{"class":2152},"// 请在这里编写代码\n",[1551,3345],{},[1531,3347,3348],{},"🎉 恭喜你已经掌握在 Node.js 中操作 MySQL 的技能啦！下一篇我们聊聊索引与查询优化，看看数据量大起来之后，怎样让查询跑得又快又稳。",[3350,3351,3352],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .sYGMc, html code.shiki .sYGMc{--shiki-light:#E2931D;--shiki-default:#FFCB6B;--shiki-dark:#FFCB6B}html pre.shiki code .sIEYB, html code.shiki .sIEYB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .s86vT, html code.shiki .s86vT{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .swgpB, html code.shiki .swgpB{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html .light 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连接池在 Node.js 中增删改查 MySQL，并用参数化查询防范 SQL 注入。","md",null,{},{"title":1300},{"title":1521,"description":3365},"5EO0W9jG1S",[3373,3375],{"title":1296,"path":1297,"stem":1298,"description":3374,"children":-1},"理解为什么要把数据拆到多张表，掌握 INNER JOIN 和 LEFT JOIN 的用法与区别。",{"title":1304,"path":1305,"stem":1306,"description":3376,"children":-1},"理解索引的作用与代价，学会创建索引并用 EXPLAIN 分析查询，掌握常见的查询优化建议。",1784715108448]