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[",[1601,1720,1621],{"class":1607},[1601,1722,1723],{"class":1617},"篮球",[1601,1725,1621],{"class":1607},[1601,1727,1728],{"class":1607},",",[1601,1730,1731],{"class":1607}," \"",[1601,1733,1734],{"class":1617},"摄影",[1601,1736,1621],{"class":1607},[1601,1738,1739],{"class":1624},"]\n",[1601,1741,1743],{"class":1603,"line":1742},7,[1601,1744,1745],{"class":1607},"}\n",[1531,1747,1748],{},"几个要点：",[1564,1750,1751,1763,1777],{},[1567,1752,1753,1755,1756,1759,1760,1762],{},[1598,1754,1618],{}," 是文档的",[1538,1757,1758],{},"主键","，插入时 MongoDB 会自动生成一个唯一的 ",[1598,1761,1629],{},"，不用我们操心，作用类似 MySQL 里的自增主键。",[1567,1764,1765,1766,1769,1770,1772,1773,1776],{},"字段的值可以是字符串、数字，还可以是",[1538,1767,1768],{},"数组","（",[1598,1771,1713],{},"）和",[1538,1774,1775],{},"嵌套文档","，这是 JSON 天然的能力，不需要像 MySQL 那样拆成多张表。",[1567,1778,1779,1780,1783],{},"不需要提前声明有哪些字段。下一条文档想加个 ",[1598,1781,1782],{},"email"," 字段，直接写进去就行。",[1531,1785,1786],{},"这种「所见即所得」的存法，和前端日常打交道的 JSON 几乎一致，这也是很多前端同学觉得 MongoDB 上手快的原因。",[1551,1788],{},[1526,1790,1792],{"id":1791},"️-和-mysql-对比","⚖️ 和 MySQL 对比",[1531,1794,1795],{},"刚接触 MongoDB 时，可以用 MySQL 的概念来对照理解，术语几乎是一一对应的：",[1797,1798,1799,1810],"table",{},[1800,1801,1802],"thead",{},[1803,1804,1805,1808],"tr",{},[1806,1807,1272],"th",{},[1806,1809,1308],{},[1811,1812,1813,1821,1829,1837],"tbody",{},[1803,1814,1815,1819],{},[1816,1817,1818],"td",{},"数据库（Database）",[1816,1820,1818],{},[1803,1822,1823,1826],{},[1816,1824,1825],{},"表（Table）",[1816,1827,1828],{},"集合（Collection）",[1803,1830,1831,1834],{},[1816,1832,1833],{},"行（Row）",[1816,1835,1836],{},"文档（Document）",[1803,1838,1839,1842],{},[1816,1840,1841],{},"列（Column）",[1816,1843,1844],{},"字段（Field）",[1531,1846,1847,1848,1851,1852,1855,1856,1859],{},"一个集合里放很多文档，就像一张表里放很多行。区别在于：MySQL 要求一张表的所有行",[1538,1849,1850],{},"遵守同一套列结构","（要先 ",[1598,1853,1854],{},"CREATE TABLE","），而 MongoDB 的集合",[1538,1857,1858],{},"不强制文档结构一致","，插入数据时才确定字段。",[1531,1861,1862],{},"那什么时候用哪个呢？一个简单的选型思路：",[1564,1864,1865,1875],{},[1567,1866,323,1867,1870,1871,1874],{},[1538,1868,1869],{},"固定","、表与表之间",[1538,1872,1873],{},"关联紧密","（比如订单和商品），MySQL 这类关系型数据库更合适。",[1567,1876,323,1877,1880,1881,1884],{},[1538,1878,1879],{},"灵活多变","、需要",[1538,1882,1883],{},"快速迭代","（比如内容字段经常调整），MongoDB 这种免建表、直接存 JSON 的方式更顺手。",[1886,1887,1888],"tip",{},[1531,1889,1890],{},"两者没有绝对的好坏，不少项目会同时使用：核心业务数据放 MySQL，结构多变的日志、配置类数据放 MongoDB。先理解各自的特点，按场景选择就好。",[1551,1892],{},[1526,1894,1896],{"id":1895},"用-docker-安装运行","🛠 用 Docker 安装运行",[1531,1898,1899,1900,1903,1904,1907],{},"和 MySQL 课程一样，我们用 Docker 来安装，省去繁琐的本机配置。本文基于 ",[1538,1901,1902],{},"MongoDB 8.0","（Docker 镜像 ",[1598,1905,1906],{},"mongo:8","）编写和验证，请确保你已经装好 Docker。",[1531,1909,1910],{},"执行下面的命令启动一个 MongoDB 容器：",[1591,1912,1916],{"className":1913,"code":1914,"language":1915,"meta":1596,"style":1596},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","docker run -d --name mongo-demo -p 27017:27017 -e MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME=root -e MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 mongo:8\n","bash",[1598,1917,1918],{"__ignoreMap":1596},[1601,1919,1920,1924,1927,1930,1933,1936,1939,1942,1945,1948,1950,1953,1956],{"class":1603,"line":1604},[1601,1921,1923],{"class":1922},"sYGMc","docker",[1601,1925,1926],{"class":1617}," run",[1601,1928,1929],{"class":1617}," -d",[1601,1931,1932],{"class":1617}," --name",[1601,1934,1935],{"class":1617}," mongo-demo",[1601,1937,1938],{"class":1617}," -p",[1601,1940,1941],{"class":1617}," 27017:27017",[1601,1943,1944],{"class":1617}," -e",[1601,1946,1947],{"class":1617}," MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME=root",[1601,1949,1944],{"class":1617},[1601,1951,1952],{"class":1617}," MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD=",[1601,1954,1955],{"class":1681},"123456",[1601,1957,1958],{"class":1617}," mongo:8\n",[1531,1960,1961],{},"逐个参数来看：",[1564,1963,1964,1970,1976,1982,1992,2000],{},[1567,1965,1966,1969],{},[1598,1967,1968],{},"-d","：后台运行容器，不占用当前终端。",[1567,1971,1972,1975],{},[1598,1973,1974],{},"--name mongo-demo","：给容器起个名字，方便后面操作。",[1567,1977,1978,1981],{},[1598,1979,1980],{},"-p 27017:27017","：把本机的 27017 端口映射到容器的 27017 端口，27017 是 MongoDB 的默认端口。",[1567,1983,1984,1987,1988,1991],{},[1598,1985,1986],{},"-e MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_USERNAME=root","：设置管理员账号为 ",[1598,1989,1990],{},"root","。",[1567,1993,1994,1997,1998,1991],{},[1598,1995,1996],{},"-e MONGO_INITDB_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456","：设置管理员密码为 ",[1598,1999,1955],{},[1567,2001,2002,2004],{},[1598,2003,1906],{},"：使用 mongo 镜像的 8.x 版本。",[1531,2006,2007],{},"第一次运行会下载镜像，稍等片刻。启动后用下面的命令确认容器在运行：",[1591,2009,2011],{"className":1913,"code":2010,"language":1915,"meta":1596,"style":1596},"docker ps\n",[1598,2012,2013],{"__ignoreMap":1596},[1601,2014,2015,2017],{"class":1603,"line":1604},[1601,2016,1923],{"class":1922},[1601,2018,2019],{"class":1617}," ps\n",[1531,2021,2022,2023,2026,2027,2030],{},"看到列表里有 ",[1598,2024,2025],{},"mongo-demo","、状态是 ",[1598,2028,2029],{},"Up","，就说明 MongoDB 已经跑起来了。",[2032,2033,2034],"warning",{},[1531,2035,2036,2037,2040,2041,2044],{},"这里的账号密码仅用于本地学习，真实项目要使用足够复杂的密码。另外 ",[1598,2038,2039],{},"-e"," 设置的账号密码只在",[1538,2042,2043],{},"第一次初始化容器","时生效，之后修改这两个环境变量不会改变已有容器的密码。",[1551,2046],{},[1526,2048,2050],{"id":2049},"用-mongosh-连接并跑通第一条命令","✨ 用 mongosh 连接并跑通第一条命令",[1531,2052,2053,2056],{},[1538,2054,2055],{},"mongosh 是 MongoDB 官方的命令行客户端","，mongo:8 镜像里已经自带。用它连接刚才启动的容器：",[1591,2058,2060],{"className":1913,"code":2059,"language":1915,"meta":1596,"style":1596},"docker exec -it mongo-demo mongosh -u root -p 123456 --authenticationDatabase admin\n",[1598,2061,2062],{"__ignoreMap":1596},[1601,2063,2064,2066,2069,2072,2074,2077,2080,2083,2085,2088,2091],{"class":1603,"line":1604},[1601,2065,1923],{"class":1922},[1601,2067,2068],{"class":1617}," exec",[1601,2070,2071],{"class":1617}," -it",[1601,2073,1935],{"class":1617},[1601,2075,2076],{"class":1617}," mongosh",[1601,2078,2079],{"class":1617}," -u",[1601,2081,2082],{"class":1617}," root",[1601,2084,1938],{"class":1617},[1601,2086,2087],{"class":1681}," 123456",[1601,2089,2090],{"class":1617}," --authenticationDatabase",[1601,2092,2093],{"class":1617}," admin\n",[1564,2095,2096,2105,2111],{},[1567,2097,2098,2101,2102,2104],{},[1598,2099,2100],{},"docker exec -it mongo-demo","：进入名为 ",[1598,2103,2025],{}," 的容器执行命令。",[1567,2106,2107,2110],{},[1598,2108,2109],{},"-u root -p 123456","：用刚才设置的账号密码登录。",[1567,2112,2113,2116,2117,2120],{},[1598,2114,2115],{},"--authenticationDatabase admin","：表示账号信息存放在 ",[1598,2118,2119],{},"admin"," 这个系统数据库里，Docker 方式初始化的 root 账号就属于它，登录时必须指明。",[1531,2122,2123,2124,2127],{},"看到 ",[1598,2125,2126],{},"test>"," 提示符，就说明连接成功了。 mongosh 里直接写 JavaScript 风格的命令。先看看当前有哪些数据库：",[1591,2129,2131],{"className":1593,"code":2130,"language":1595,"meta":1596,"style":1596},"show dbs\n",[1598,2132,2133],{"__ignoreMap":1596},[1601,2134,2135],{"class":1603,"line":1604},[1601,2136,2130],{"class":2137},"sndM8",[1531,2139,2140,2141,1541,2143,1541,2146,2149,2150,2153,2154,2157],{},"结果里会看到 ",[1598,2142,2119],{},[1598,2144,2145],{},"config",[1598,2147,2148],{},"local"," 几个自带的数据库，它们是 MongoDB 自己用的。注意到没有 ",[1598,2151,2152],{},"blog_demo","？没关系，",[1538,2155,2156],{},"MongoDB 不需要提前创建数据库","，第一次往里写数据时会自动创建。",[1531,2159,2160,2161,2163],{},"切换到 ",[1598,2162,2152],{}," 数据库：",[1591,2165,2167],{"className":1593,"code":2166,"language":1595,"meta":1596,"style":1596},"use blog_demo\n",[1598,2168,2169],{"__ignoreMap":1596},[1601,2170,2171],{"class":1603,"line":1604},[1601,2172,2166],{"class":2137},[1531,2174,2175,2176,2179],{},"接下来往 ",[1598,2177,2178],{},"user"," 集合里插入一条文档。集合同样不需要提前创建：",[1591,2181,2183],{"className":1593,"code":2182,"language":1595,"meta":1596,"style":1596},"db.user.insertOne({ username: '小明', age: 20, city: '北京' })\n",[1598,2184,2185],{"__ignoreMap":1596},[1601,2186,2187,2190,2193,2195,2197,2200,2202,2205,2208,2211,2214,2216,2219,2221,2224,2226,2229,2231,2234,2236,2238,2240,2242,2245],{"class":1603,"line":1604},[1601,2188,2189],{"class":2137},"db",[1601,2191,2192],{"class":1607},".",[1601,2194,2178],{"class":2137},[1601,2196,2192],{"class":1607},[1601,2198,2199],{"class":1628},"insertOne",[1601,2201,1632],{"class":2137},[1601,2203,2204],{"class":1607},"{",[1601,2206,2207],{"class":1624}," username",[1601,2209,2210],{"class":1607},":",[1601,2212,2213],{"class":1607}," '",[1601,2215,1662],{"class":1617},[1601,2217,2218],{"class":1607},"'",[1601,2220,1728],{"class":1607},[1601,2222,2223],{"class":1624}," age",[1601,2225,2210],{"class":1607},[1601,2227,2228],{"class":1681}," 20",[1601,2230,1728],{"class":1607},[1601,2232,2233],{"class":1624}," city",[1601,2235,2210],{"class":1607},[1601,2237,2213],{"class":1607},[1601,2239,1701],{"class":1617},[1601,2241,2218],{"class":1607},[1601,2243,2244],{"class":1607}," }",[1601,2246,2247],{"class":2137},")\n",[1531,2249,2250,2251,2254,2255,2258],{},"执行后会返回 ",[1598,2252,2253],{},"acknowledged: true"," 和自动生成的 ",[1598,2256,2257],{},"insertedId","，说明插入成功。再把这条数据查出来：",[1591,2260,2262],{"className":1593,"code":2261,"language":1595,"meta":1596,"style":1596},"db.user.find()\n",[1598,2263,2264],{"__ignoreMap":1596},[1601,2265,2266,2268,2270,2272,2274,2277],{"class":1603,"line":1604},[1601,2267,2189],{"class":2137},[1601,2269,2192],{"class":1607},[1601,2271,2178],{"class":2137},[1601,2273,2192],{"class":1607},[1601,2275,2276],{"class":1628},"find",[1601,2278,2279],{"class":2137},"()\n",[1531,2281,2282,2283,2285],{},"就能看到刚才插入的文档，带着 MongoDB 自动生成的 ",[1598,2284,1618],{},"。到这里，一条完整的「写入 → 读取」链路就通了。",[1886,2287,2288],{},[1531,2289,2290,2291,2294,2295,2298],{},"如果你更喜欢图形界面，可以试试官方的 ",[1538,2292,2293],{},"MongoDB Compass","，连接地址填 ",[1598,2296,2297],{},"mongodb://root:123456@localhost:27017/?authSource=admin"," 即可。命令行和图形工具二选一，效果一样，本课程统一使用 mongosh。",[1551,2300],{},[1526,2302,2304],{"id":2303},"小节总结","🧾 小节总结",[1564,2306,2307,2310,2313,2316,2327,2333],{},[1567,2308,2309],{},"MongoDB 是 NoSQL 文档型数据库，数据以类似 JSON 的文档（BSON）存储，不需要提前定义结构。",[1567,2311,2312],{},"术语对照：表对应集合（Collection），行对应文档（Document），列对应字段（Field）。",[1567,2314,2315],{},"结构固定、关联紧密的场景适合 MySQL；结构灵活、快速迭代的场景可以考虑 MongoDB。",[1567,2317,2318,2319,2322,2323,2326],{},"用 ",[1598,2320,2321],{},"docker run -d --name mongo-demo -p 27017:27017 -e ... mongo:8"," 一条命令跑起 MongoDB 8，",[1598,2324,2325],{},"docker ps"," 确认运行状态。",[1567,2328,2318,2329,2332],{},[1598,2330,2331],{},"docker exec -it mongo-demo mongosh -u root -p 123456 --authenticationDatabase admin"," 连接数据库。",[1567,2334,2335,2338,2339,2342,2343,2346],{},[1598,2336,2337],{},"use blog_demo"," 切换数据库，",[1598,2340,2341],{},"db.user.insertOne()"," 插入文档，",[1598,2344,2345],{},"db.user.find()"," 查询文档，数据库和集合都会随写入自动创建。",[1551,2348],{},[1526,2350,2352],{"id":2351},"知识问答","❓ 知识问答",[1531,2354,2355],{},[1538,2356,2357],{},"Q1：MongoDB 不需要建表，那数据结构不就乱套了吗？",[1531,2359,2360],{},"不会乱。MongoDB 把「保证结构一致」的责任交给了代码：只要你的 Node.js 代码写入时字段统一，数据自然整齐。后面讲 Mongoose 时会看到，还可以在代码层给文档定义结构约束，兼顾灵活和规范。",[1531,2362,2363],{},[1538,2364,2365,2366,2369,2370,2372],{},"Q2：",[1598,2367,2368],{},"show dbs"," 里为什么没有刚用过的 ",[1598,2371,2152],{},"？",[1531,2374,2375,2376,2378,2379,2381],{},"空数据库不会显示在列表里。",[1598,2377,2337],{}," 只是做了个切换标记，等你真正插入数据后，再执行 ",[1598,2380,2368],{}," 就能看到它了。",[1531,2383,2384],{},[1538,2385,2386,2387,2372],{},"Q3：为什么登录时要加 ",[1598,2388,2115],{},[1531,2390,2391,2392,2394,2395,2397],{},"MongoDB 的账号是存放在某个具体数据库里的。Docker 镜像初始化的 root 账号存放在系统数据库 ",[1598,2393,2119],{}," 中，所以登录时要告诉 mongosh 去 ",[1598,2396,2119],{}," 里校验账号密码，否则会认证失败。",[1531,2399,2400],{},[1538,2401,2402,2403,2405],{},"Q4：",[1598,2404,2189],{}," 是什么意思？为什么命令都以它开头？",[1531,2407,2408,2410,2411,2414,2415,2418,2419,2422],{},[1598,2409,2189],{}," 是 mongosh 里的一个内置变量，代表",[1538,2412,2413],{},"当前正在使用的数据库","（也就是 ",[1598,2416,2417],{},"use"," 切换到的那个）。",[1598,2420,2421],{},"db.user"," 就是「当前数据库下的 user 集合」。",[1531,2424,2425],{},[1538,2426,2427],{},"Q5：容器重启后数据会丢吗？",[1531,2429,2430,2431,2434,2435,2438,2439,2442],{},"不会。Docker 容器的文件在容器存续期间都会保留，",[1598,2432,2433],{},"docker stop"," 再 ",[1598,2436,2437],{},"docker start"," 数据还在。但如果把容器删除（",[1598,2440,2441],{},"docker rm","），数据就没了，学习场景下影响不大。",[1551,2444],{},[1526,2446,2448],{"id":2447},"小练习","🧪 小练习",[1531,2450,2451,2452,2454],{},"练习一：在 mongosh 中往 ",[1598,2453,2178],{}," 集合再插入一条文档，用户名随意，年龄和城市填你自己的信息。",[1591,2456,2458],{"className":1593,"code":2457,"language":1595,"meta":1596,"style":1596},"// 请在这里编写代码\n",[1598,2459,2460],{"__ignoreMap":1596},[1601,2461,2462],{"class":1603,"line":1604},[1601,2463,2457],{"class":2464},"syuKq",[1531,2466,2467,2468,2470,2471,2473],{},"练习二：用 ",[1598,2469,2345],{}," 查出所有文档，然后回答：现在集合里有几条文档？每条文档的 ",[1598,2472,1618],{}," 一样吗？",[1591,2475,2476],{"className":1593,"code":2457,"language":1595,"meta":1596,"style":1596},[1598,2477,2478],{"__ignoreMap":1596},[1601,2479,2480],{"class":1603,"line":1604},[1601,2481,2457],{"class":2464},[1551,2483],{},[1531,2485,2486],{},"🎉 恭喜你已经成功在本地跑起 MongoDB 并完成了第一次读写！下一篇我们系统学习增删改查，掌握 insert、find、update、delete 的常用写法，让数据的进出都由你掌控。",[2488,2489,2490],"style",{},"html pre.shiki code .s86vT, html code.shiki .s86vT{--shiki-light:#39ADB5;--shiki-default:#89DDFF;--shiki-dark:#89DDFF}html pre.shiki code .sIEYB, html code.shiki .sIEYB{--shiki-light:#91B859;--shiki-default:#C3E88D;--shiki-dark:#C3E88D}html pre.shiki code .sd2Uz, html code.shiki .sd2Uz{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#F07178;--shiki-dark:#F07178}html pre.shiki code .swgpB, html code.shiki .swgpB{--shiki-light:#6182B8;--shiki-default:#82AAFF;--shiki-dark:#82AAFF}html pre.shiki code .smPcV, html code.shiki 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