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},\n",[1595,1724,1725,1727,1729,1731,1733,1735,1737,1740,1742,1744,1746,1748,1750,1752,1755],{"class":1597,"line":1622},[1595,1726,1685],{"class":1646},[1595,1728,1688],{"class":1646},[1595,1730,1692],{"class":1691},[1595,1732,1658],{"class":1646},[1595,1734,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,1736,1688],{"class":1646},[1595,1738,1739],{"class":1701},"小美",[1595,1741,1658],{"class":1646},[1595,1743,1707],{"class":1646},[1595,1745,1688],{"class":1646},[1595,1747,1712],{"class":1691},[1595,1749,1658],{"class":1646},[1595,1751,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,1753,1754],{"class":1691}," 22",[1595,1756,1757],{"class":1646}," }\n",[1595,1759,1760],{"class":1597,"line":1628},[1595,1761,1762],{"class":1646},"        ]\n",[1595,1764,1766],{"class":1597,"line":1765},7,[1595,1767,1625],{"class":1646},[1595,1769,1771],{"class":1597,"line":1770},8,[1595,1772,1631],{"class":1646},[1531,1774,1775],{},"想要哪个字段就写哪个字段，这就是 GraphQL 的基本工作方式。",[1551,1777],{},[1526,1779,1781],{"id":1780},"️-和-rest-对比","⚖️ 和 REST 对比",[1531,1783,1784,1785,1788],{},"先花一分钟认识一下 REST。",[1538,1786,1787],{},"REST 是一种设计 API 的风格","，不是协议也不是某个库，核心约定就两条：",[1790,1791,1792,1807],"ul",{},[1793,1794,1795,1798,1799,1802,1803,1806],"li",{},[1538,1796,1797],{},"用 URL 表示资源","：把数据看作一种种资源，各有地址，比如 ",[1592,1800,1801],{},"/users"," 表示用户列表、",[1592,1804,1805],{},"/users/1"," 表示 id 为 1 的用户。",[1793,1808,1809,1812,1813,1816,1817,1820,1821,1824,1825,1828],{},[1538,1810,1811],{},"用 HTTP 方法表示动作","：同一个 URL，用 ",[1592,1814,1815],{},"GET"," 查询、",[1592,1818,1819],{},"POST"," 新增、",[1592,1822,1823],{},"PATCH"," 更新、",[1592,1826,1827],{},"DELETE"," 删除。",[1531,1830,1831,1832,1835],{},"之前 Express 课程里写的 ",[1592,1833,1834],{},"app.get('/users', ...)","，其实就是在搭 REST 接口。它是过去很多年里的主流做法，至今仍被广泛使用。刚接触 GraphQL 时，可以和它对照着理解：",[1837,1838,1839,1854],"table",{},[1840,1841,1842],"thead",{},[1843,1844,1845,1849,1852],"tr",{},[1846,1847,1848],"th",{},"对比点",[1846,1850,1851],{},"REST",[1846,1853,1347],{},[1855,1856,1857,1879,1890,1901],"tbody",{},[1843,1858,1859,1863,1872],{},[1860,1861,1862],"td",{},"接口入口",[1860,1864,1865,1866,1541,1868,1871],{},"多个 URL（",[1592,1867,1801],{},[1592,1869,1870],{},"/articles","……）",[1860,1873,1874,1875,1878],{},"通常只有一个入口（如 ",[1592,1876,1877],{},"/graphql","）",[1843,1880,1881,1884,1887],{},[1860,1882,1883],{},"返回结构",[1860,1885,1886],{},"服务端定死，客户端被动接受",[1860,1888,1889],{},"客户端按需声明字段",[1843,1891,1892,1895,1898],{},[1860,1893,1894],{},"取关联数据",[1860,1896,1897],{},"常常需要多次请求拼数据",[1860,1899,1900],{},"一次查询嵌套取回",[1843,1902,1903,1906,1909],{},[1860,1904,1905],{},"接口文档",[1860,1907,1908],{},"需要额外维护（如 Swagger）",[1860,1910,1911],{},"Schema 本身就是文档，可在线浏览",[1531,1913,1914,1915,1917],{},"举个具体例子：页面上要展示「用户列表，每个用户带上他发的文章标题」。用 REST 的话，可能要先请求 ",[1592,1916,1801],{},"，再按用户 id 逐个请求文章接口。用 GraphQL 只要一条查询：",[1585,1919,1921],{"className":1587,"code":1920,"language":1589,"meta":1590,"style":1590},"{\n    users {\n        username\n        articles {\n            title\n        }\n    }\n}\n",[1592,1922,1923,1927,1931,1935,1940,1945,1950,1954],{"__ignoreMap":1590},[1595,1924,1925],{"class":1597,"line":1598},[1595,1926,1601],{},[1595,1928,1929],{"class":1597,"line":1604},[1595,1930,1607],{},[1595,1932,1933],{"class":1597,"line":1610},[1595,1934,1613],{},[1595,1936,1937],{"class":1597,"line":1616},[1595,1938,1939],{},"        articles {\n",[1595,1941,1942],{"class":1597,"line":1622},[1595,1943,1944],{},"            title\n",[1595,1946,1947],{"class":1597,"line":1628},[1595,1948,1949],{},"        }\n",[1595,1951,1952],{"class":1597,"line":1765},[1595,1953,1625],{},[1595,1955,1956],{"class":1597,"line":1770},[1595,1957,1631],{},[1959,1960,1961],"tip",{},[1531,1962,1963],{},"GraphQL 并不是要取代 REST。REST 简单直接、生态成熟，很多场景完全够用；GraphQL 在「数据结构复杂、不同客户端需要的字段差异大」的场景下更有优势。两种都是主流方案，按项目情况选择就好。",[1551,1965],{},[1526,1967,1969],{"id":1968},"搭建第一个-graphql-服务","🛠 搭建第一个 GraphQL 服务",[1531,1971,1972,1973,1976],{},"GraphQL 本身只是一套规范，需要一个服务端库来落地。Node.js 生态里常用的选择是 ",[1538,1974,1975],{},"Apollo Server","，它封装好了请求解析、校验、错误处理等工作，我们只需要写「数据长什么样」和「数据从哪里来」。",[1531,1978,1979,1980,1541,1983,1541,1986,1989],{},"本课程基于 ",[1538,1981,1982],{},"Node.js v22 LTS",[1538,1984,1985],{},"@apollo/server 5.x",[1538,1987,1988],{},"graphql 16.x"," 编写和验证。新建一个项目目录，初始化后安装：",[1585,1991,1995],{"className":1992,"code":1993,"language":1994,"meta":1590,"style":1590},"language-bash shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","mkdir graphql-demo && cd graphql-demo\nnpm init -y\nnpm pkg set type=module\nnpm install @apollo/server graphql\n","bash",[1592,1996,1997,2015,2026,2039],{"__ignoreMap":1590},[1595,1998,1999,2002,2005,2008,2012],{"class":1597,"line":1598},[1595,2000,2001],{"class":1672},"mkdir",[1595,2003,2004],{"class":1701}," graphql-demo",[1595,2006,2007],{"class":1646}," &&",[1595,2009,2011],{"class":2010},"swgpB"," cd",[1595,2013,2014],{"class":1701}," graphql-demo\n",[1595,2016,2017,2020,2023],{"class":1597,"line":1604},[1595,2018,2019],{"class":1672},"npm",[1595,2021,2022],{"class":1701}," init",[1595,2024,2025],{"class":1701}," -y\n",[1595,2027,2028,2030,2033,2036],{"class":1597,"line":1610},[1595,2029,2019],{"class":1672},[1595,2031,2032],{"class":1701}," pkg",[1595,2034,2035],{"class":1701}," set",[1595,2037,2038],{"class":1701}," type=module\n",[1595,2040,2041,2043,2046,2049],{"class":1597,"line":1616},[1595,2042,2019],{"class":1672},[1595,2044,2045],{"class":1701}," install",[1595,2047,2048],{"class":1701}," @apollo/server",[1595,2050,2051],{"class":1701}," graphql\n",[1790,2053,2054,2064],{},[1793,2055,2056,2059,2060,2063],{},[1592,2057,2058],{},"npm pkg set type=module","：把项目设为 ESM 模式，Apollo Server 5 要求使用 ESM 的 ",[1592,2061,2062],{},"import"," 语法。",[1793,2065,2066,2068],{},[1592,2067,1589],{}," 是 GraphQL 规范的官方 JavaScript 实现，Apollo Server 依赖它工作。",[1531,2070,2071,2072,2075],{},"然后新建 ",[1592,2073,2074],{},"server.js","，写入下面的代码：",[1585,2077,2081],{"className":2078,"code":2079,"filename":2074,"language":2080,"meta":1590,"style":1590},"language-js shiki shiki-themes material-theme-lighter material-theme material-theme-palenight","import { ApolloServer } from '@apollo/server';\nimport { startStandaloneServer } from '@apollo/server/standalone';\n\n// 模拟的用户数据\nconst users = [\n    { id: '1', username: '小明', age: 20, city: '北京' },\n    { id: '2', username: '小美', age: 22, city: '深圳' },\n];\n\n// 1. 用 GraphQL 语言描述数据的结构（Schema）\nconst typeDefs = `#graphql\n    type User {\n        id: ID!\n        username: String!\n        age: Int\n        city: String\n    }\n\n    type Query {\n        users: [User!]!\n        user(id: ID!): User\n    }\n`;\n\n// 2. 用 JavaScript 函数提供真实的数据（Resolver）\nconst resolvers = {\n    Query: {\n        users: () => users,\n        user: (parent, args) => users.find((item) => item.id === args.id),\n    },\n};\n\n// 3. 创建服务并启动\nconst server = new ApolloServer({ typeDefs, resolvers });\n\nconst { url } = await startStandaloneServer(server, {\n    listen: { port: 4000 },\n});\n\nconsole.log(`服务已启动：${url}`);\n","js",[1592,2082,2083,2113,2135,2141,2147,2160,2216,2266,2273,2278,2284,2300,2306,2312,2318,2324,2330,2335,2340,2346,2352,2358,2363,2371,2376,2382,2394,2404,2424,2489,2495,2501,2506,2512,2546,2551,2578,2598,2607,2612],{"__ignoreMap":1590},[1595,2084,2085,2088,2091,2095,2098,2101,2104,2107,2110],{"class":1597,"line":1598},[1595,2086,2062],{"class":2087},"s8pZq",[1595,2089,2090],{"class":1646}," {",[1595,2092,2094],{"class":2093},"sndM8"," ApolloServer",[1595,2096,2097],{"class":1646}," }",[1595,2099,2100],{"class":2087}," from",[1595,2102,2103],{"class":1646}," '",[1595,2105,2106],{"class":1701},"@apollo/server",[1595,2108,2109],{"class":1646},"'",[1595,2111,2112],{"class":1646},";\n",[1595,2114,2115,2117,2119,2122,2124,2126,2128,2131,2133],{"class":1597,"line":1604},[1595,2116,2062],{"class":2087},[1595,2118,2090],{"class":1646},[1595,2120,2121],{"class":2093}," startStandaloneServer",[1595,2123,2097],{"class":1646},[1595,2125,2100],{"class":2087},[1595,2127,2103],{"class":1646},[1595,2129,2130],{"class":1701},"@apollo/server/standalone",[1595,2132,2109],{"class":1646},[1595,2134,2112],{"class":1646},[1595,2136,2137],{"class":1597,"line":1610},[1595,2138,2140],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2139},true,"\n",[1595,2142,2143],{"class":1597,"line":1616},[1595,2144,2146],{"class":2145},"syuKq","// 模拟的用户数据\n",[1595,2148,2149,2152,2155,2158],{"class":1597,"line":1622},[1595,2150,2151],{"class":1654},"const",[1595,2153,2154],{"class":2093}," users ",[1595,2156,2157],{"class":1646},"=",[1595,2159,1680],{"class":2093},[1595,2161,2162,2165,2169,2171,2173,2176,2178,2180,2183,2185,2187,2189,2191,2193,2196,2198,2200,2202,2205,2207,2209,2212,2214],{"class":1597,"line":1628},[1595,2163,2164],{"class":1646},"    {",[1595,2166,2168],{"class":2167},"sd2Uz"," id",[1595,2170,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2172,2103],{"class":1646},[1595,2174,2175],{"class":1701},"1",[1595,2177,2109],{"class":1646},[1595,2179,1707],{"class":1646},[1595,2181,2182],{"class":2167}," username",[1595,2184,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2186,2103],{"class":1646},[1595,2188,1702],{"class":1701},[1595,2190,2109],{"class":1646},[1595,2192,1707],{"class":1646},[1595,2194,2195],{"class":2167}," age",[1595,2197,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2199,1719],{"class":1691},[1595,2201,1707],{"class":1646},[1595,2203,2204],{"class":2167}," city",[1595,2206,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2208,2103],{"class":1646},[1595,2210,2211],{"class":1701},"北京",[1595,2213,2109],{"class":1646},[1595,2215,1722],{"class":1646},[1595,2217,2218,2220,2222,2224,2226,2229,2231,2233,2235,2237,2239,2241,2243,2245,2247,2249,2251,2253,2255,2257,2259,2262,2264],{"class":1597,"line":1765},[1595,2219,2164],{"class":1646},[1595,2221,2168],{"class":2167},[1595,2223,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2225,2103],{"class":1646},[1595,2227,2228],{"class":1701},"2",[1595,2230,2109],{"class":1646},[1595,2232,1707],{"class":1646},[1595,2234,2182],{"class":2167},[1595,2236,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2238,2103],{"class":1646},[1595,2240,1739],{"class":1701},[1595,2242,2109],{"class":1646},[1595,2244,1707],{"class":1646},[1595,2246,2195],{"class":2167},[1595,2248,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2250,1754],{"class":1691},[1595,2252,1707],{"class":1646},[1595,2254,2204],{"class":2167},[1595,2256,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2258,2103],{"class":1646},[1595,2260,2261],{"class":1701},"深圳",[1595,2263,2109],{"class":1646},[1595,2265,1722],{"class":1646},[1595,2267,2268,2271],{"class":1597,"line":1770},[1595,2269,2270],{"class":2093},"]",[1595,2272,2112],{"class":1646},[1595,2274,2276],{"class":1597,"line":2275},9,[1595,2277,2140],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2139},[1595,2279,2281],{"class":1597,"line":2280},10,[1595,2282,2283],{"class":2145},"// 1. 用 GraphQL 语言描述数据的结构（Schema）\n",[1595,2285,2287,2289,2292,2294,2297],{"class":1597,"line":2286},11,[1595,2288,2151],{"class":1654},[1595,2290,2291],{"class":2093}," typeDefs ",[1595,2293,2157],{"class":1646},[1595,2295,2296],{"class":1646}," `",[1595,2298,2299],{"class":1701},"#graphql\n",[1595,2301,2303],{"class":1597,"line":2302},12,[1595,2304,2305],{"class":1701},"    type User {\n",[1595,2307,2309],{"class":1597,"line":2308},13,[1595,2310,2311],{"class":1701},"        id: ID!\n",[1595,2313,2315],{"class":1597,"line":2314},14,[1595,2316,2317],{"class":1701},"        username: String!\n",[1595,2319,2321],{"class":1597,"line":2320},15,[1595,2322,2323],{"class":1701},"        age: Int\n",[1595,2325,2327],{"class":1597,"line":2326},16,[1595,2328,2329],{"class":1701},"        city: String\n",[1595,2331,2333],{"class":1597,"line":2332},17,[1595,2334,1625],{"class":1701},[1595,2336,2338],{"class":1597,"line":2337},18,[1595,2339,2140],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2139},[1595,2341,2343],{"class":1597,"line":2342},19,[1595,2344,2345],{"class":1701},"    type Query {\n",[1595,2347,2349],{"class":1597,"line":2348},20,[1595,2350,2351],{"class":1701},"        users: [User!]!\n",[1595,2353,2355],{"class":1597,"line":2354},21,[1595,2356,2357],{"class":1701},"        user(id: ID!): User\n",[1595,2359,2361],{"class":1597,"line":2360},22,[1595,2362,1625],{"class":1701},[1595,2364,2366,2369],{"class":1597,"line":2365},23,[1595,2367,2368],{"class":1646},"`",[1595,2370,2112],{"class":1646},[1595,2372,2374],{"class":1597,"line":2373},24,[1595,2375,2140],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2139},[1595,2377,2379],{"class":1597,"line":2378},25,[1595,2380,2381],{"class":2145},"// 2. 用 JavaScript 函数提供真实的数据（Resolver）\n",[1595,2383,2385,2387,2390,2392],{"class":1597,"line":2384},26,[1595,2386,2151],{"class":1654},[1595,2388,2389],{"class":2093}," resolvers ",[1595,2391,2157],{"class":1646},[1595,2393,1664],{"class":1646},[1595,2395,2397,2400,2402],{"class":1597,"line":2396},27,[1595,2398,2399],{"class":2167},"    Query",[1595,2401,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2403,1664],{"class":1646},[1595,2405,2407,2410,2412,2415,2418,2421],{"class":1597,"line":2406},28,[1595,2408,2409],{"class":2010},"        users",[1595,2411,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2413,2414],{"class":1646}," ()",[1595,2416,2417],{"class":1654}," =>",[1595,2419,2420],{"class":2093}," users",[1595,2422,2423],{"class":1646},",\n",[1595,2425,2427,2430,2432,2435,2439,2441,2444,2447,2449,2451,2454,2457,2460,2462,2465,2467,2469,2472,2474,2477,2480,2482,2484,2487],{"class":1597,"line":2426},29,[1595,2428,2429],{"class":2010},"        user",[1595,2431,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2433,2434],{"class":1646}," (",[1595,2436,2438],{"class":2437},"sK9QF","parent",[1595,2440,1707],{"class":1646},[1595,2442,2443],{"class":2437}," args",[1595,2445,2446],{"class":1646},")",[1595,2448,2417],{"class":1654},[1595,2450,2420],{"class":2093},[1595,2452,2453],{"class":1646},".",[1595,2455,2456],{"class":2010},"find",[1595,2458,2459],{"class":2093},"(",[1595,2461,2459],{"class":1646},[1595,2463,2464],{"class":2437},"item",[1595,2466,2446],{"class":1646},[1595,2468,2417],{"class":1654},[1595,2470,2471],{"class":2093}," item",[1595,2473,2453],{"class":1646},[1595,2475,2476],{"class":2093},"id ",[1595,2478,2479],{"class":1646},"===",[1595,2481,2443],{"class":2093},[1595,2483,2453],{"class":1646},[1595,2485,2486],{"class":2093},"id)",[1595,2488,2423],{"class":1646},[1595,2490,2492],{"class":1597,"line":2491},30,[1595,2493,2494],{"class":1646},"    },\n",[1595,2496,2498],{"class":1597,"line":2497},31,[1595,2499,2500],{"class":1646},"};\n",[1595,2502,2504],{"class":1597,"line":2503},32,[1595,2505,2140],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2139},[1595,2507,2509],{"class":1597,"line":2508},33,[1595,2510,2511],{"class":2145},"// 3. 创建服务并启动\n",[1595,2513,2515,2517,2520,2522,2525,2527,2529,2532,2535,2537,2539,2542,2544],{"class":1597,"line":2514},34,[1595,2516,2151],{"class":1654},[1595,2518,2519],{"class":2093}," server ",[1595,2521,2157],{"class":1646},[1595,2523,2524],{"class":1646}," new",[1595,2526,2094],{"class":2010},[1595,2528,2459],{"class":2093},[1595,2530,2531],{"class":1646},"{",[1595,2533,2534],{"class":2093}," typeDefs",[1595,2536,1707],{"class":1646},[1595,2538,2389],{"class":2093},[1595,2540,2541],{"class":1646},"}",[1595,2543,2446],{"class":2093},[1595,2545,2112],{"class":1646},[1595,2547,2549],{"class":1597,"line":2548},35,[1595,2550,2140],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2139},[1595,2552,2554,2556,2558,2561,2563,2566,2569,2571,2574,2576],{"class":1597,"line":2553},36,[1595,2555,2151],{"class":1654},[1595,2557,2090],{"class":1646},[1595,2559,2560],{"class":2093}," url ",[1595,2562,2541],{"class":1646},[1595,2564,2565],{"class":1646}," =",[1595,2567,2568],{"class":2087}," await",[1595,2570,2121],{"class":2010},[1595,2572,2573],{"class":2093},"(server",[1595,2575,1707],{"class":1646},[1595,2577,1664],{"class":1646},[1595,2579,2581,2584,2586,2588,2591,2593,2596],{"class":1597,"line":2580},37,[1595,2582,2583],{"class":2167},"    listen",[1595,2585,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2587,2090],{"class":1646},[1595,2589,2590],{"class":2167}," port",[1595,2592,1661],{"class":1646},[1595,2594,2595],{"class":1691}," 4000",[1595,2597,1722],{"class":1646},[1595,2599,2601,2603,2605],{"class":1597,"line":2600},38,[1595,2602,2541],{"class":1646},[1595,2604,2446],{"class":2093},[1595,2606,2112],{"class":1646},[1595,2608,2610],{"class":1597,"line":2609},39,[1595,2611,2140],{"emptyLinePlaceholder":2139},[1595,2613,2615,2618,2620,2623,2625,2627,2630,2633,2636,2639,2641],{"class":1597,"line":2614},40,[1595,2616,2617],{"class":2093},"console",[1595,2619,2453],{"class":1646},[1595,2621,2622],{"class":2010},"log",[1595,2624,2459],{"class":2093},[1595,2626,2368],{"class":1646},[1595,2628,2629],{"class":1701},"服务已启动：",[1595,2631,2632],{"class":1646},"${",[1595,2634,2635],{"class":2093},"url",[1595,2637,2638],{"class":1646},"}`",[1595,2640,2446],{"class":2093},[1595,2642,2112],{"class":1646},[1531,2644,2645],{},"这段代码是 GraphQL 服务端的标准三件套：",[1790,2647,2648,2658,2664],{},[1793,2649,2650,2653,2654,2657],{},[1538,2651,2652],{},"typeDefs（Schema）","：用 GraphQL 自己的语言描述「有哪些数据、每个字段是什么类型」。",[1592,2655,2656],{},"type Query"," 里声明的是客户端可以发起的查询。",[1793,2659,2660,2663],{},[1538,2661,2662],{},"resolvers（解析器）","：一组 JavaScript 函数，和 typeDefs 里的字段一一对应，负责真正取数据。这里是查内存数组，以后换成查数据库也一样。",[1793,2665,2666,2669,2670,2673],{},[1538,2667,2668],{},"ApolloServer","：把两者组装成服务，",[1592,2671,2672],{},"startStandaloneServer"," 让它在 4000 端口跑起来。",[1531,2675,2676,2677,2680,2681,2684],{},"执行 ",[1592,2678,2679],{},"node server.js","，看到 ",[1592,2682,2683],{},"服务已启动：http://localhost:4000/"," 就说明服务跑起来了。",[1551,2686],{},[1526,2688,2690],{"id":2689},"发出第一条查询","✨ 发出第一条查询",[1531,2692,2693,2694,2697,2698,2701],{},"Apollo Server 自带一个网页版调试工具 ",[1538,2695,2696],{},"Apollo Sandbox","。用浏览器打开 ",[1592,2699,2700],{},"http://localhost:4000/","，就能进入它的操作界面：左边写查询，右边看结果。",[1531,2703,2704],{},"在左侧输入：",[1585,2706,2708],{"className":1587,"code":2707,"language":1589,"meta":1590,"style":1590},"{\n    users {\n        username\n        city\n    }\n}\n",[1592,2709,2710,2714,2718,2722,2727,2731],{"__ignoreMap":1590},[1595,2711,2712],{"class":1597,"line":1598},[1595,2713,1601],{},[1595,2715,2716],{"class":1597,"line":1604},[1595,2717,1607],{},[1595,2719,2720],{"class":1597,"line":1610},[1595,2721,1613],{},[1595,2723,2724],{"class":1597,"line":1616},[1595,2725,2726],{},"        city\n",[1595,2728,2729],{"class":1597,"line":1622},[1595,2730,1625],{},[1595,2732,2733],{"class":1597,"line":1628},[1595,2734,1631],{},[1531,2736,2737,2738,2740,2741,2744,2745,2747],{},"点击运行按钮，右侧就会返回对应的 JSON 数据。注意我们只写了 ",[1592,2739,1692],{}," 和 ",[1592,2742,2743],{},"city","，返回里就没有 ",[1592,2746,1712],{},"，这就是「按需取字段」的直观体现。",[1531,2749,2750],{},"再试试带参数的查询，按 id 查单个用户：",[1585,2752,2754],{"className":1587,"code":2753,"language":1589,"meta":1590,"style":1590},"{\n    user(id: \"1\") {\n        username\n        age\n    }\n}\n",[1592,2755,2756,2760,2765,2769,2773,2777],{"__ignoreMap":1590},[1595,2757,2758],{"class":1597,"line":1598},[1595,2759,1601],{},[1595,2761,2762],{"class":1597,"line":1604},[1595,2763,2764],{},"    user(id: \"1\") {\n",[1595,2766,2767],{"class":1597,"line":1610},[1595,2768,1613],{},[1595,2770,2771],{"class":1597,"line":1616},[1595,2772,1619],{},[1595,2774,2775],{"class":1597,"line":1622},[1595,2776,1625],{},[1595,2778,2779],{"class":1597,"line":1628},[1595,2780,1631],{},[2782,2783,2784],"warning",{},[1531,2785,2786],{},"Apollo Sandbox 的网页界面会不定期更新，按钮名称和布局可能与你看到的略有不同。以上流程仅供参考，核心思路不变：左边写查询、右边看结果，操作时以页面实际内容为准。",[1531,2788,2789,2790,2793],{},"还可以故意写一个 Schema 里不存在的字段，比如 ",[1592,2791,2792],{},"hobbies","：",[1585,2795,2797],{"className":1587,"code":2796,"language":1589,"meta":1590,"style":1590},"{\n    users {\n        hobbies\n    }\n}\n",[1592,2798,2799,2803,2807,2812,2816],{"__ignoreMap":1590},[1595,2800,2801],{"class":1597,"line":1598},[1595,2802,1601],{},[1595,2804,2805],{"class":1597,"line":1604},[1595,2806,1607],{},[1595,2808,2809],{"class":1597,"line":1610},[1595,2810,2811],{},"        hobbies\n",[1595,2813,2814],{"class":1597,"line":1616},[1595,2815,1625],{},[1595,2817,2818],{"class":1597,"line":1622},[1595,2819,1631],{},[1531,2821,2822,2823,2826],{},"这次返回的不是数据，而是错误信息：",[1592,2824,2825],{},"Cannot query field \"hobbies\" on type \"User\"","。GraphQL 会在执行前先拿查询和 Schema 做校验，字段写错了立刻就能发现，不用等到运行时出问题，这也是 Schema 带来的好处之一。",[1551,2828],{},[1526,2830,2832],{"id":2831},"小节总结","🧾 小节总结",[1790,2834,2835,2838,2841,2844,2858,2861],{},[1793,2836,2837],{},"GraphQL 是一种 API 查询语言，核心思想是客户端按需声明字段，服务端精确返回。",[1793,2839,2840],{},"和 REST 对比：GraphQL 通常是单入口、一次查询可以嵌套取关联数据；REST 多接口、返回结构由服务端定死。",[1793,2842,2843],{},"Apollo Server 是 Node.js 生态常用的 GraphQL 服务端库，5.x 版本要求项目使用 ESM。",[1793,2845,2846,2847,2850,2851,2854,2855,2857],{},"服务端三件套：",[1592,2848,2849],{},"typeDefs"," 描述数据结构，",[1592,2852,2853],{},"resolvers"," 提供真实数据，",[1592,2856,2668],{}," 组装并启动。",[1793,2859,2860],{},"Apollo Sandbox 是自带的网页调试工具，浏览器访问服务地址即可使用。",[1793,2862,2863],{},"GraphQL 会先用 Schema 校验查询，写了不存在的字段会直接报错提示。",[1551,2865],{},[1526,2867,2869],{"id":2868},"知识问答","❓ 知识问答",[1531,2871,2872],{},[1538,2873,2874,2875,2878],{},"Q1：typeDefs 外面包的 ",[1592,2876,2877],{},"#graphql"," 是什么？",[1531,2880,2881],{},"它是一个普通注释，作用是让编辑器把模板字符串里的内容识别为 GraphQL 语言，从而获得语法高亮和提示。删掉也不影响运行，但建议保留。",[1531,2883,2884],{},[1538,2885,2886],{},"Q2：为什么查询的最外层可以什么都不写？",[1531,2888,2889,2892,2893,2896,2897,2900,2901,1569],{},[1592,2890,2891],{},"{ users { ... } }"," 其实是 ",[1592,2894,2895],{},"query { users { ... } }"," 的简写。",[1592,2898,2899],{},"query"," 表示这是一次「查询操作」，是最常用的操作类型，可以省略。后面讲修改数据时会用到另一种操作 ",[1592,2902,2903],{},"mutation",[1531,2905,2906],{},[1538,2907,2908],{},"Q3：数据为什么写死在数组里？真实项目怎么办？",[1531,2910,2911],{},"学习阶段用内存数组最直观。resolver 只是一个普通函数，里面换成查 MySQL、MongoDB 或请求其他接口都可以，对客户端完全透明。",[1531,2913,2914],{},[1538,2915,2916],{},"Q4：GraphQL 是前端技术还是后端技术？",[1531,2918,2919],{},"两边都涉及。后端用 GraphQL 定义 Schema、提供数据（本课程的重点），前端按 GraphQL 语法写查询、消费数据（最后一篇文章会讲）。",[1531,2921,2922],{},[1538,2923,2924],{},"Q5：端口 4000 被占用了怎么办？",[1531,2926,2927,2928,2931],{},"把 ",[1592,2929,2930],{},"listen: { port: 4000 }"," 改成其他端口（如 4001）即可，浏览器访问的地址也要跟着改。",[1551,2933],{},[1526,2935,2937],{"id":2936},"小练习","🧪 小练习",[1531,2939,2940,2941,2943,2944,2946],{},"练习一：给 ",[1592,2942,1673],{}," 数组再加一条你自己的数据，重启服务后，在 Sandbox 里只查出所有用户的 ",[1592,2945,1692],{},"，不写其他字段。",[1585,2948,2950],{"className":1587,"code":2949,"language":1589,"meta":1590,"style":1590},"# 请在这里编写代码\n",[1592,2951,2952],{"__ignoreMap":1590},[1595,2953,2954],{"class":1597,"line":1598},[1595,2955,2949],{},[1531,2957,2958,2959,2962],{},"练习二：模仿 ",[1592,2960,2961],{},"user(id: ID!): User"," 的写法，思考如果要按用户名查询，typeDefs 和 resolvers 分别要加什么，动手试一试。",[1585,2964,2966],{"className":2078,"code":2965,"filename":2074,"language":2080,"meta":1590,"style":1590},"// 请在这里编写代码\n",[1592,2967,2968],{"__ignoreMap":1590},[1595,2969,2970],{"class":1597,"line":1598},[1595,2971,2965],{"class":2145},[1551,2973],{},[1531,2975,2976],{},"🎉 恭喜你已经跑起了第一个 GraphQL 服务，并理解了「按需取字段」的核心思想！下一篇我们深入 Schema 的类型系统，学会描述更复杂的数据结构。",[2978,2979,2980],"style",{},"html .light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html.light .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-light);background: var(--shiki-light-bg);font-style: var(--shiki-light-font-style);font-weight: var(--shiki-light-font-weight);text-decoration: var(--shiki-light-text-decoration);}html .default .shiki span {color: var(--shiki-default);background: 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.syuKq{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#546E7A;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#676E95;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}html pre.shiki code .sd2Uz, html code.shiki .sd2Uz{--shiki-light:#E53935;--shiki-default:#F07178;--shiki-dark:#F07178}html pre.shiki code .sK9QF, html code.shiki .sK9QF{--shiki-light:#90A4AE;--shiki-light-font-style:italic;--shiki-default:#EEFFFF;--shiki-default-font-style:italic;--shiki-dark:#BABED8;--shiki-dark-font-style:italic}",{"title":1590,"searchDepth":1604,"depth":1604,"links":2982},[2983,2984,2985,2986,2987,2988,2989,2990],{"id":1528,"depth":1604,"text":1529},{"id":1555,"depth":1604,"text":1556},{"id":1780,"depth":1604,"text":1781},{"id":1968,"depth":1604,"text":1969},{"id":2689,"depth":1604,"text":2690},{"id":2831,"depth":1604,"text":2832},{"id":2868,"depth":1604,"text":2869},{"id":2936,"depth":1604,"text":2937},"了解 GraphQL 是什么、和 REST 有什么区别，用 Apollo Server 搭建第一个 GraphQL 服务并发出第一条查询。","md",null,{},{"title":1353},{"title":1521,"description":2991},"AJ8gyzMPZP",[2999,3001],{"title":1343,"path":1344,"stem":1345,"description":3000,"children":-1},"理解聚合管道的工作方式，学会用 $match、$group、$sort 完成分组统计。",{"title":1359,"path":1360,"stem":1361,"description":3002,"children":-1},"掌握 GraphQL Schema 的类型系统，学会标量类型、非空、列表、枚举的写法，并能描述对象之间的关联。",1784715105014]